Frumkv\u00f6\u00f0ull St\u00f3uspekinnar var Zenon fr\u00e1 K\u00fdpur, sem uppi var \u00ed A\u00feenu \u00e1 \u00e1runum 332 til 262 f. Kr. \u00cd \u00feann t\u00ed\u00f0 t\u00f3ku l\u00e6rimeistarar gjarnan herbergi \u00e1 leigu og stefndu \u00feanga\u00f0 nemendum s\u00ednum a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a \u00e1 fyrirlestra. En Zenon haf\u00f0i annan h\u00e1tt \u00e1; oft reika\u00f0i hann um \u00e1 str\u00e6tum og gatnam\u00f3tum og tala\u00f0i til vegfarenda, ekki \u00f3l\u00edkt \u00fev\u00ed sem g\u00f6tupr\u00e9dikarar gera n\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n
\u00cd A\u00feenu <\/strong>var miki\u00f0 um s\u00falna\u00fe\u00f6k yfir hofum, s\u00f6lub\u00fa\u00f0um og samkomst\u00f6\u00f0um. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 „s\u00falnag\u00f6ng“ er \u00e1 gr\u00edsku „st\u00f3a.“ Og \u00fear e\u00f0 Zenon safna\u00f0i nemendum s\u00ednum saman undir s\u00falna\u00feaki voru hann og me\u00f0haldsmenn hans kalla\u00f0ir „St\u00f3umenn.“ Chrysippus fr\u00e1 Soli (kringum 280-205 f. Kr.), og h\u00e9r s\u00e9st \u00e1 myndinni, l\u00e6r\u00f0i hj\u00e1 nemanda Zenons, Cleanthesi fr\u00e1 Assos. Chrysippus er talinn einn fremstur St\u00f3umanna eldri.<\/p>\n St\u00f3umenn litu svo \u00e1, a\u00f0 alheimurinn v\u00e6ri lifandi vera, g\u00e6dd gu\u00f0legri hugsun sem hef\u00f0i \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 markmi\u00f0. \u00deennan gu\u00f0d\u00f3mlega tilgang k\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00feeir „n\u00e1tt\u00faru.“ \u00d6llum m\u00f6nnum b\u00e6ri skylda til \u00feess a\u00f0 lifa \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00faruna og \u00f3brig\u00f0ul l\u00f6gm\u00e1l hennar, enda g\u00e6tu \u00feeir \u00fea\u00f0 ef \u00feeir vildu. \u00deessi h\u00e6fni manna h\u00e9t \u00ed munni \u00feeirra „samviska.“ L\u00edf \u00feeirra, sem lif\u00f0u \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00faruna, yr\u00f0i fullt g\u00e6sku og fri\u00f0ar. En v\u00e6ri hi\u00f0 gagnst\u00e6\u00f0a uppi \u00e1 teningnum, \u00fe\u00e1 v\u00e6ri styrjalda og tort\u00edmingar a\u00f0 v\u00e6nta. St\u00f3umenn kenndu, a\u00f0 menn g\u00e6tu n\u00e1\u00f0 t\u00f6kum \u00e1 l\u00edfi s\u00ednu og l\u00ed\u00f0an, ef \u00feeir g\u00e6tu l\u00e6rt a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast r\u00e9tt vi\u00f0 hlutunum. \u00deeir hv\u00f6ttu til \u00feess, a\u00f0 f\u00f3lk h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rna \u00fev\u00ed, sem ekki v\u00e6ri \u00e1 \u00feess valdi, heldur t\u00e6ki \u00fev\u00ed sem a\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum b\u00e6ri „me\u00f0 st\u00f3\u00edskri r\u00f3.“ S\u00fa v\u00e6ri lei\u00f0in til \u00feess a\u00f0 lifa \u00e1n \u00f3tta vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem framt\u00ed\u00f0in f\u00e6rir. Allt sem gerist er l\u00edka \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milegt, og \u00fev\u00ed sto\u00f0ar l\u00edtt a\u00f0 harma hlutskipti sitt.<\/p>\n Sumar hugmyndir St\u00f3umanna h\u00f6f\u00f0u mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 Gy\u00f0inga, svo sem s\u00e9st greinilega hj\u00e1 h\u00f6fundi Speki Sal\u00f3mons (\u00e1 1. \u00f6ld f. Kr.). \u00cd heimab\u00e6 P\u00e1ls postula, Tarsus \u00ed Litlu-As\u00edu (sj\u00e1 Post 21.39), bar og mj\u00f6g miki\u00f0 \u00e1 kenningum St\u00f3umanna. R\u00e6\u00f0a P\u00e1ls \u00e1 Aresarh\u00e6\u00f0 \u00ed A\u00feenu hefur enda inni a\u00f0 halda \u00fdmislegt \u00fea\u00f0, sem hefur hlj\u00f3ma\u00f0 kunnuglega \u00ed eyrum einhverra vi\u00f0staddra sem handgengnir voru fr\u00e6\u00f0um \u00feeirra (Post 17.16-34). Og \u00ed Galatabr\u00e9fi s\u00ednu skrifar P\u00e1ll um verk Gu\u00f0s anda \u00ed l\u00edfi manna. \u00dear er hi\u00f0 sama \u00e1 fer\u00f0 og St\u00f3umenn \u00e1litu a\u00f0 pr\u00fdddi \u00fe\u00e1 sem n\u00e6\u00f0u a\u00f0 lifa \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00faruna: Langlyndi, g\u00e6ska, g\u00f3\u00f0vild, tr\u00famennska og sj\u00e1lfsagi (Gal 5.22-23).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"