Sj\u00f6 \u00f6ldum fyrir Krists bur\u00f0 var R\u00f3m ekki nema l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00feorp \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu og r\u00e9\u00f0u \u00edb\u00faarnir einungis\u00a0 fyrir sveitunum hi\u00f0 n\u00e6sta s\u00e9r.\u00a0\u00a0 R\u00f3mverska \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldi\u00f0 h\u00f3fst \u00e1ri\u00f0 509 f. Kr.,\u00a0 er a\u00f0alsmenn r\u00e1ku Tarkvin\u00edus konung fr\u00e1 r\u00edkjum.\u00a0 \u00c1 ofanver\u00f0ri annarri \u00f6ld f. Kr. h\u00f6f\u00f0u R\u00f3mverjar s\u00f6lsa\u00f0 undir sig mestallt landssv\u00e6\u00f0i Grikklands og Litlu-As\u00edu, hluta Nor\u00f0ur-Afr\u00edku, Frakklands og Sp\u00e1nar og auk \u00feess margar eyjanna \u00e1 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafi.\u00a0 \u00c1ri\u00f0 63 f. Kr. hern\u00e1mu R\u00f3mverjar, undir stj\u00f3rn Pompejusar hersh\u00f6f\u00f0ingja (106-48 f. Kr.), Palest\u00ednu.\u00a0\u00a0 Eftir a\u00f0 fyrsti, r\u00f3mverski keisarinn, J\u00fal\u00edus Sesar, var allur \u00e1ri\u00f0 44 f. Kr., lag\u00f0i eftirma\u00f0ur hans, \u00c1g\u00fastus keisari, undir sig Egyptaland, mestalla Litlu-As\u00edu, England og hluta \u00de\u00fdskalands (German\u00edu).\u00a0 Sj\u00e1 kort \u00e1 bls. 2379.<\/p>\n
\u00c6\u00f0stu menn r\u00f3mversks \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lags voru 600 \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0smenn.\u00a0 Svo h\u00e1tt komst \u00a0enginn \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 eiga feykileg au\u00f0\u00e6vi.\u00a0 N\u00e6st \u00feeim a\u00f0 vir\u00f0ingu var riddarast\u00e9ttin.\u00a0 Sta\u00f0a \u00feeirra \u00ed mannf\u00e9laginu kosta\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 s\u00fdnu minna f\u00e9 en hinna fyrrnefndu.\u00a0 \u00dear fyrir ne\u00f0an voru\u00a0 borgararnir, er nutu \u00e1kve\u00f0inna forr\u00e9ttinda og opinberrar verndar.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 komu „leysingjar“ er svo voru nefndir (menn, sem \u00e1\u00f0ur h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 \u00e1nau\u00f0ugir \u00fer\u00e6lar) og \u00e1 ne\u00f0sta \u00ferepi \u00feessa tignarstiga k\u00faldra\u00f0ist svo \u00f3t\u00f6lulegur fj\u00f6ldi \u00fer\u00e6la.\u00a0 Hlutskipti kvenna \u00e1kvar\u00f0a\u00f0ist einv\u00f6r\u00f0ungu af\u00a0 st\u00f6\u00f0u fe\u00f0ra \u00feeirra og eiginmanna \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9laginu.\u00a0 Hef\u00f0arkonur h\u00f6f\u00f0u margs konar fr\u00ed\u00f0indi, sem ekki st\u00f3\u00f0u hinum l\u00e6gra settu til bo\u00f0a.\u00a0 Landstj\u00f3ri (pr\u00f3kons\u00fall) var settur yfir hvert skattland keisarad\u00e6misins.\u00a0 \u00deeir voru flestir tilnefndir af \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0inu \u00ed R\u00f3m.\u00a0V\u00e6ri landstj\u00f3ri hins vegar skipa\u00f0ar af keisaranum sj\u00e1lfum bar hann vir\u00f0ingarheiti\u00f0 skattlandstj\u00f3ri (pr\u00f3k\u00farator).<\/p>\n
R\u00f3mverska r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnin afla\u00f0i tekna af skattf\u00e9 \u00feegnanna.\u00a0 Skattar voru tollar \u00e1 varningi, er fluttur var \u00far einum sta\u00f0 \u00ed annan, erf\u00f0askattur, skattur af landb\u00fana\u00f0arv\u00f6rum og eignaskattur.\u00a0 Innheimtu skattanna \u00f6nnu\u00f0ust svonefndir tollheimtumenn (p\u00fabl\u00edkanar).\u00a0 \u00deeir skrifu\u00f0u undir samning sem skuldbatt \u00fe\u00e1 til \u00feess a\u00f0 inna af hendi til hins opinbera \u00e1kve\u00f0na grei\u00f0slu \u00e1rlega.<\/p>\n
Hver sem ger\u00f0ist brotlegur vi\u00f0 r\u00f3mversk l\u00f6g var dreginn fyrir d\u00f3m og hann \u00fdmist sekta\u00f0ur e\u00f0a hnepptur \u00ed fangelsi.\u00a0 S\u00e1, sem talinn var\u00a0 stofna fri\u00f0i og almannareglu heimsveldisins \u00ed vo\u00f0a, var d\u00e6mdur til dau\u00f0a.\u00a0\u00deegar Jes\u00fas fr\u00e1 Nasaret h\u00f3f a\u00f0 pr\u00e9dika Gu\u00f0s r\u00edki var \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1liti\u00f0 jafngilda uppreisn \u00e1 m\u00f3ti keisaranum.\u00a0P\u00edlatus, sem \u00fe\u00e1 var landstj\u00f3ri\u00a0 \u00ed skattlandinu J\u00fadeu, l\u00e9t \u00fev\u00ed taka hann af l\u00edfi.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 fyrstu \u00e1rum frumkirkjunnar t\u00f6ldu R\u00f3mverjar kristna menn vera einn af m\u00f6rgum s\u00e9rtr\u00faarflokkum Gy\u00f0inga.\u00a0 Gy\u00f0ingar h\u00f6f\u00f0u leyfi r\u00f3mversku yfirvaldanna til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00e6kja tr\u00fa s\u00edna og i\u00f0ka helgihald samkv\u00e6mt \u00e6vafornum hef\u00f0um s\u00ednum.\u00a0 Kristnir menn g\u00e1tu \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00ednu leyti einnig komi\u00f0 saman \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 valdstj\u00f3rnin s\u00e6i \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u til \u00feess a\u00f0 skerast \u00ed leikinn.\u00a0 \u00c1 ofanver\u00f0ri fyrstu \u00f6ldinni eftir Krist bur\u00f0 t\u00f3k \u00feetta a\u00f0 breytast.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 voru R\u00f3mverjar h\u00e6ttir a\u00f0 l\u00edta svo \u00e1, a\u00f0 hinir kristnu \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta verndar sem opinbert tr\u00faf\u00e9lag, og h\u00f3fust \u00fe\u00e1 ofs\u00f3knir \u00e1 hendur \u00feeim.\u00a0 Ner\u00f3 keisari, sem \u00fe\u00f3 r\u00edkti nokkru fyrr en \u00feetta (54-68 e. Kr.),\u00a0 haf\u00f0i l\u00e1ti\u00f0 d\u00e6ma kristna menn til dau\u00f0a fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00f6k a\u00f0 vera \u00f3vinir r\u00edkisins.\u00a0 \u00c1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0ri annarri \u00f6ldinni f\u00e6r\u00f0ust \u00feessar ofs\u00f3knir mj\u00f6g \u00ed aukana, ekki s\u00edst af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hinir kristnu neitu\u00f0u a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed helgihaldi \u00fear sem keisarinn var tilbe\u00f0inn sem v\u00e6ri hann gu\u00f0.\u00a0 Kristnir menn, sem l\u00e9tu l\u00edfi\u00f0 fyrir tr\u00fa s\u00edna, voru nefndir „p\u00edslarvottar“ (gr\u00edska or\u00f0i\u00f0 martyr\u00a0<\/em>\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir vottur).\u00a0 \u00deessum ofs\u00f3knum linnti ekki fyrr en \u00e1 r\u00edkis\u00e1rum Konstant\u00ednusar keisara mikla (306 til 377 e. Kr.).\u00a0\u00a0 Sj\u00e1 einnig \u00ed Mannl\u00edf og landsh\u00e6ttir \u00e1 t\u00edmum Jes\u00fa:\u00a0 \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0ir,\u00a0 valdhafar og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"