{"id":4897,"date":"2019-03-22T20:20:56","date_gmt":"2019-03-22T20:20:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/?page_id=4897"},"modified":"2026-04-17T13:01:19","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T13:01:19","slug":"nyja-testamentid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/ritskyring\/nyja-testamentid\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00fdja testamenti\u00f0"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00fdja testamenti\u00f0 er s\u00ed\u00f0ari hluti Bibl\u00edu kristinna manna.\u00a0 \u00cd ritum \u00feess, 27 a\u00f0 t\u00f6lu, er haldi\u00f0 \u00e1fram a\u00f0 rekja \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00f6gu Gu\u00f0s l\u00fd\u00f0s, sem byrja\u00f0 var \u00e1 \u00ed Gamla testamenti (tr\u00faarriti Gy\u00f0inga).\u00a0 Or\u00f0i\u00f0 „testamenti“ er latneskt a\u00f0 uppruna og merkir „vilji“, en \u00fea\u00f0 var nota\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a gr\u00edska or\u00f0i\u00f0 diatheke<\/em> sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir „vilji“ e\u00f0a „s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li“.\u00a0Gamla testamenti\u00f0 sk\u00fdrir \u00feannig fr\u00e1 samningnum, sem Gu\u00f0 ger\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00cdsraels\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina.\u00a0 Hann var a\u00f0 verulegu leyti reistur \u00e1 l\u00f6gm\u00e1li M\u00f3se.\u00a0 \u00deeir, sem hl\u00fdddu raust Gu\u00f0s og vildu mi\u00f0a lifna\u00f0 sinn vi\u00f0 \u00feetta l\u00f6gm\u00e1l, voru l\u00fd\u00f0ur hans.\u00a0 En um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 600 \u00e1rum fyrir Krists bur\u00f0 bo\u00f0a\u00f0i Jerem\u00eda sp\u00e1ma\u00f0ur „n\u00fdjan s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la“ bygg\u00f0an \u00e1 andlegu samneyti mannsins vi\u00f0 Gu\u00f0 sinn (Jer 31:31-34).\u00a0 Hinir kristnu, sem ritu\u00f0u N\u00fdja testamenti\u00f0, notu\u00f0u or\u00f0in „n\u00fdr s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li“ til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa \u00feeirri gj\u00f6r\u00f0 Gu\u00f0s a\u00f0 gefa einkason sinn heiminum (1Kor 8:7-13; 9:15-17; 11:25; 12:24-27).\u00a0 P\u00e1ll postuli segir, a\u00f0 \u00feessi n\u00fdji s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li s\u00e9 ekki rita\u00f0ur \u00e1 b\u00f3k, heldur gj\u00f6f Gu\u00f0s anda og f\u00e6ri m\u00f6nnunum n\u00fdtt l\u00edf\u00a0 (2Kor 3:6-15; Gal 3:10-14).<\/p>\n

B\u00e6kur N\u00fdja testamentisins voru samdar \u00e1 n\u00e6stu hundra\u00f0 \u00e1runum eftir upphaf aldatals okkar.\u00a0 Allar fjalla \u00fe\u00e6r me\u00f0 einhverjum h\u00e6tti um Jes\u00fa fr\u00e1 Nasaret.\u00a0 Hann var af gy\u00f0inglegu foreldri, en kristnir menn h\u00e9ldu \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 hann v\u00e6ri Hinn smur\u00f0i (\u00fatvaldi, „Mess\u00edas“) og frelsari heimsins (Mark 8:29; 14:61,62; L\u00fakas 2:11; J\u00f3h 20:30,31; Post 3:18-21). Gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin fj\u00f6gur (kennd vi\u00f0 gu\u00f0spjallamennina Matteus, Mark\u00fas, L\u00fakas og J\u00f3hannes) segja fr\u00e1 \u00e6vi Jes\u00fa og kenningu hans, hvert me\u00f0 s\u00ednum h\u00e6tti.\u00a0 Postulasagan hermir fr\u00e1 pr\u00e9dikun postula Jes\u00fa og bo\u00f0un fagna\u00f0arerindisins fyrstu \u00e1ratugina eftir upprisu hans.\u00a0 Af sendibr\u00e9funum \u00ed N\u00fdja testamenti s\u00e9st hvernig f\u00f3lk skildi bo\u00f0skap Jes\u00fa \u00ed frumkirkjunni og me\u00f0 hverjum h\u00e6tti hann var fluttur \u00feegar gle\u00f0it\u00ed\u00f0indin um Jes\u00fa t\u00f3ku fyrst a\u00f0 berast til annarra landa.\u00a0 Af \u00feeim m\u00e1 l\u00edka fr\u00e6\u00f0ast um l\u00edf og kringumst\u00e6\u00f0ur hinna fyrstu kristnu manna.\u00a0Opinberun J\u00f3hannesar, s\u00ed\u00f0asta riti N\u00fdja testamentisins, l\u00fdkur me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00e1tin er \u00ed lj\u00f3si s\u00fa von, a\u00f0 framt\u00ed\u00f0in m\u00e6tti bera \u00ed skauti s\u00e9r n\u00fdja ver\u00f6ld Gu\u00f0s, n\u00fdjan himin og n\u00fdja j\u00f6r\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Ekki er unnt a\u00f0 segja n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega til um aldur einstakra rita N\u00fdja testamentisins, en flestir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn hallast a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sum P\u00e1lsbr\u00e9fanna muni \u00feeirra elst.\u00a0Gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin og Postulasagan ur\u00f0u til s\u00ed\u00f0ar.\u00a0 Mark\u00fasargu\u00f0spjall, sem tali\u00f0 er elsta gu\u00f0spjalli\u00f0, var tr\u00falega skrifa\u00f0 ekki l\u00f6ngu eftir a\u00f0 R\u00f3mverjar l\u00f6g\u00f0u musteri\u00f0 \u00ed Jer\u00fasalem \u00ed ey\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 70 e. Kr.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt Jes\u00fas og l\u00e6risveinar hans hafi tala\u00f0 arame\u00edsku, voru rit N\u00fdja testamentis upphaflega skrifu\u00f0 \u00e1 „hversdags“-gr\u00edsku \u00feess t\u00edma.\u00a0H\u00f6fundarnir \u00feekktu til gr\u00edskrar \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingar \u00e1 helgiritum Gy\u00f0inga (sem k\u00f6llu\u00f0 er Sept\u00faaginta). \u00a0Margar tilvitnanir \u00ed N\u00fdja testamenti eru teknar or\u00f0r\u00e9tt \u00far \u00feeirri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu, en \u00f6\u00f0rum var sn\u00fai\u00f0 \u00e1 gr\u00edsku \u00far hebreskunni sem er tungum\u00e1l Gamla testamentis.\u00a0 Frumhandrit N\u00fdja testamentis l\u00e9tu flj\u00f3tlega \u00e1 sj\u00e1, skemmdust e\u00f0a voru ey\u00f0il\u00f6g\u00f0 einhvern t\u00edma \u00ed fyrndinni.\u00a0 En um allar aldir skrifu\u00f0u menn textann s\u00edfellt upp, \u00e6 a\u00f0 n\u00fdju.\u00a0 Elsta eintaki\u00f0 af gr\u00edska N\u00fdja testamentinu \u00ed heild sinni er fr\u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0u \u00f6ld, en elsta handrits-broti\u00f0 sem var\u00f0veist hefur er fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed kringum 125 e. Kr.\u00a0 Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn \u00e1 svi\u00f0i bibl\u00eduv\u00edsinda hafa haft miki\u00f0 gagn af fornum \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingum \u00e1 ritum N\u00fdja testamentis \u00e1 kopt\u00edsku, s\u00fdrlensku og lat\u00ednu.\u00a0 Meira en \u00ferj\u00fa hundru\u00f0 \u00e1r li\u00f0u \u00e1\u00f0ur en ritin 27, sem N\u00fdja testamenti okkar samanstendur af, ur\u00f0u \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkennda helgiritasafn, sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum b\u00fai\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an og allt fram \u00e1 \u00feennan dag.<\/p>\n

Gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin og Postulasagan<\/h3>\n

Gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin fj\u00f6gur (kennd vi\u00f0 Matteus, Mark\u00fas, L\u00fakas og J\u00f3hannes) segja hvert s\u00edna s\u00f6gu af l\u00edfi og starfi Jes\u00fa Krists.\u00a0 Postulasagan hermir fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed af mikilli n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni sem dreif \u00e1 daga sumra af fyrstu l\u00e6risveinum Jes\u00fa \u00feegar \u00feeir h\u00e9ldu fr\u00e1 Jer\u00fasalem til annarra landa r\u00f3mverska heimsveldisins a\u00f0 brei\u00f0a \u00fat bo\u00f0skapinn um hann.<\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 „gu\u00f0spjall“ er skylt gamla, enska or\u00f0inu „gospel“ sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir „g\u00f3\u00f0ar fregnir“.\u00a0 Gr\u00edska or\u00f0i\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0um me\u00f0 or\u00f0inu „gu\u00f0spjall“ er evangelion<\/em>(sj\u00e1 Mark 1:1).<\/p>\n

Gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin voru l\u00edklega skrifu\u00f0 upp \u00ed n\u00faverandi mynd sinni \u00e1 kringum sext\u00edu \u00e1ra bili eftir a\u00f0 Jes\u00fas var krossfestur.\u00a0 \u00dear sem Jes\u00fas l\u00e9t sj\u00e1lfur ekki eftir sig neitt skrifa\u00f0, rekja gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin fr\u00e1sagnir og l\u00fdsingar sj\u00f3narvotta \u00e1 atbur\u00f0um, sem gengi\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u manna \u00e1 milli \u00e1rum saman.\u00a0 \u00cd fyrstunni voru l\u00e6risveinarnir svo \u00e1fram um a\u00f0 flytja \u00f6\u00f0rum bo\u00f0skapinn um Jes\u00fa a\u00f0 \u00feeir hirtu ekki a\u00f0 skrifa upp \u00fea\u00f0 sem hann haf\u00f0i sagt og unni\u00f0.\u00a0 En svo li\u00f0u \u00e1rin og hinir fyrstu l\u00e6risveinar eltust og d\u00f3u.\u00a0Og \u00fe\u00e1 var\u00f0 lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 n\u00fa rei\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 eiga \u00e1 b\u00f3kum fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnina af \u00fev\u00ed sem Jes\u00fas ger\u00f0i og kenndi, og hvernig dau\u00f0a hans bar a\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum og a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0 reisti hann aftur til l\u00edfsins.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt \u00f6nnur fleiri gu\u00f0spj\u00f6ll um Jes\u00fa v\u00e6ru skrifu\u00f0 og \u00feeim dreift, voru engin nema Matteusar-, Mark\u00fasar-, L\u00fakasar- og J\u00f3hannesargu\u00f0spj\u00f6ll talin alveg \u00e1byggileg og var \u00fea\u00f0 sam\u00feykkt af allri kirkjunni me\u00f0 afli atkv\u00e6\u00f0a. Ekki er vita\u00f0 fyrir v\u00edst hverjir skr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00feessi fj\u00f6gur gu\u00f0spj\u00f6ll, af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 rith\u00f6fundarnir l\u00e1ta s\u00edn a\u00f0 engu geti\u00f0.\u00a0 Sennilegast er a\u00f0 \u00feau hafi veri\u00f0 samin af m\u00f6nnum, sem voru me\u00f0al fyrstu eftirfylgjenda Krists og h\u00f6f\u00f0u sj\u00e1lfir heyrt einn e\u00f0a fleiri af l\u00e6risveinum hans segja fr\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Efni gu\u00f0spjallanna er greinilega s\u00f3tt \u00ed margar heimildir.\u00a0Einkum munu h\u00f6fundarnir hafa b\u00fai\u00f0 a\u00f0 skr\u00e1m yfir umm\u00e6li Jes\u00fa og uppskriftum \u00e1 fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnum af honum.\u00a0 Margt af \u00fev\u00ed sem haft er eftir Jes\u00fa er mj\u00f6g keiml\u00edkt hj\u00e1 Matteusi og L\u00fakasi.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 bendir til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi haft a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 s\u00f6mu heimild.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 vir\u00f0ast \u00feeir l\u00edka b\u00e1\u00f0ir hafa haft Mark\u00fasargu\u00f0spjall til hli\u00f0sj\u00f3nar vi\u00f0 byggingu rita sinna.\u00a0 En \u00feeir Matteus og L\u00fakas hafa greinilega haft undir h\u00f6ndum tv\u00e6r \u00f3l\u00edkar fr\u00e1sagnir af f\u00e6\u00f0ingu Jes\u00fa, enda getur Mark\u00fas bernsku Jes\u00fa a\u00f0 engu.\u00a0 \u00cd gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llum Matteusar, Mark\u00fasar og L\u00fakasar er svo miki\u00f0 af sameiginlegu efni og ger\u00f0 ritanna \u00feriggja er svo l\u00edk innbyr\u00f0is, a\u00f0 \u00feau eru stundum nefnd „synopt\u00edsku“ (samstofna) gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin (af gr\u00edska or\u00f0inu synopisis <\/em>sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir „a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 saman“).<\/p>\n

Samstofna gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin l\u00edkjast miklu meira hvert \u00f6\u00f0ru heldur en nokkurt \u00feeirra aftur J\u00f3hannesargu\u00f0spjalli.\u00a0 Matteus, Mark\u00fas og L\u00fakas herma mest fr\u00e1 kenningu Jes\u00fa, er hann flutti opinberlega \u00ed Gal\u00edleu, og fr\u00e1 kraftaverkum hans.\u00a0 En J\u00f3hannes kann fr\u00e1 \u00fdmsu a\u00f0 segja, sem Jes\u00fas t\u00f3k s\u00e9r fyrir hendur \u00ed upphafi starfsferils s\u00edns \u00ed J\u00fadeu.\u00a0 Hann heldur l\u00edka til haga \u00fdmsum or\u00f0um Jes\u00fa,\u00a0 sem ekki er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed hinum gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llunum \u00feremur.\u00a0 \u00dear \u00e1 me\u00f0al eru hin svonefndu „\u00e9g er“ umm\u00e6li hans, eins og t.d.\u00a0„\u00e9g er brau\u00f0 l\u00edfsins“ (J\u00f3h 6:35) og „\u00e9g er lj\u00f3s heimsins“ (J\u00f3h 8:12).\u00a0 Og r\u00f6\u00f0 atbur\u00f0a \u00ed \u00e6vi Jes\u00fa er ekki hina sama \u00ed J\u00f3hannesargu\u00f0spjalli og samstofna gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llunum.\u00a0 Ekki skr\u00e1ir J\u00f3hannes heldur neina af \u00feeim s\u00f6gum, sem Jes\u00fas sag\u00f0i (d\u00e6mis\u00f6gum) og getur a\u00f0 lesa hj\u00e1 hinum gu\u00f0spjallam\u00f6nnunum.\u00a0 N\u00e1nar er fjalla\u00f0 um s\u00e9rkenni gu\u00f0spjallanna \u00ed innganginum a\u00f0 hverju og einu \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt ekki s\u00e9 vita\u00f0 hver rita\u00f0i Postulas\u00f6guna eru fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn samm\u00e1la um a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 sami h\u00f6fundurinn og skr\u00e1\u00f0i L\u00fakasargu\u00f0spjall.\u00a0 \u00cd upphafsor\u00f0um beggja verkanna kemur fram a\u00f0 \u00feau s\u00e9u \u00e6tlu\u00f0 manni a\u00f0 nafni \u00dee\u00f3f\u00edlus (L\u00fakas 1:1-4; Post 1:1).\u00a0 En auk \u00feess er st\u00edllinn \u00e1 gr\u00edskunni \u00ed \u00feessum ritum n\u00e6r b\u00f3km\u00e1li heldur en \u00ed hinum gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llunum og raunar nokkru \u00f6\u00f0ru riti \u00ed N\u00fdja testamenti.\u00a0Efnislega eiga \u00feau l\u00edka margt sameiginlegt er bendir til eins og sama h\u00f6fundar.\u00a0 Betur er greint fr\u00e1 \u00feessu \u00ed form\u00e1lsor\u00f0um fyrir L\u00fakasargu\u00f0spjalli og Postulas\u00f6gunni.<\/p>\n

Br\u00e9f\u00a0 P\u00e1ls postula<\/h3>\n

Sum P\u00e1lsbr\u00e9fin eru elsta efni N\u00fdja testamentisins.\u00a0\u00deau eru skrifu\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1runum 50 til 60 e. Kr., \u00e1ratugum \u00e1 undan gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llunum, Postulas\u00f6gunni og \u00f6\u00f0rum ritum N\u00fdja testamentisins.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1ll var h\u00e1l\u00e6r\u00f0ur \u00ed helgiritum Gy\u00f0inga og far\u00edsei, en \u00feeir voru flokkur manna sem kenndi l\u00f6gm\u00e1l Drottins og vildi af fremsta megni lifa eftir \u00fev\u00ed (Gal 1.14; Fil. 3.5).\u00a0 \u00cd br\u00e9fum s\u00ednum vi\u00f0urkennir P\u00e1ll, a\u00f0 hann hafi \u00ed eina t\u00ed\u00f0 ofs\u00f3tt s\u00f6fnu\u00f0 Jes\u00fa, „kirkjuna“, af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann taldi a\u00f0 h\u00fana ger\u00f0i l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00far l\u00f6gm\u00e1li Drottins og kysi heldur lifa eftir n\u00fdrri kenningu Jes\u00fa.\u00a0 En \u00feegar Gu\u00f0 s\u00fdndi P\u00e1li hver Jes\u00fas var (Gal 1.15,16), f\u00f3r hann a\u00f0 pr\u00e9dika og bo\u00f0a fagna\u00f0arerindi\u00f0 um Jes\u00fa.<\/p>\n

\u00cd br\u00e9fum s\u00ednum kemur P\u00e1ll aftur og aftur a\u00f0 nokkrum meginatri\u00f0um.\u00a0\u00a0 Hann segir t.d. \u00ed R\u00f3m 3.24-26:\u00a0 „Gu\u00f0 bendir \u00e1 bl\u00f3\u00f0 hans (Krists) sem s\u00e1ttarf\u00f3rn \u00feeim sem tr\u00faa.“\u00a0 Og ennfremur:\u00a0 „Gu\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tir \u00fe\u00e1 (mennina), \u00e1n \u00feess nokkur ver\u00f0skuldi \u00fea\u00f0.“\u00a0Hann segir l\u00edka, a\u00f0 enginn r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tist me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed einu\u00a0 a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a l\u00f6gm\u00e1linu (Gal 3.11; R\u00f3m 3.23), e\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um:\u00a0 „Ma\u00f0urinn r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tist ekki af l\u00f6gm\u00e1lsverkum heldur fyrir tr\u00fa \u00e1 Jes\u00fa Krist“ (Gal 2.16).\u00a0 \u00deeir sem treysta Jes\u00fa nj\u00f3ta ekki einungis g\u00f3\u00f0s af f\u00f3rn hans, heldur ver\u00f0a \u00feeir l\u00edka hluttakendur \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed n\u00fdja l\u00edfi, sem hann \u00f6\u00f0la\u00f0ist \u00feegar hann var reistur upp fr\u00e1 dau\u00f0um (R\u00f3m 6.5-11).\u00a0 P\u00e1ll br\u00fdndi fyrir kristnum m\u00f6nnum a\u00f0 lifa \u00ed heil\u00f6gum anda, sem gefur \u00feeim margv\u00edslega n\u00e1\u00f0arg\u00e1fur til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir geri \u00f6\u00f0rum gagn (R\u00f3m 12.6-21; 1Kor 12-13; Gal 5.16-25).\u00a0 Hann v\u00e6nti endurkomu Drottins (Fil 3.20; 4.5; 1\u00deess 4.13-18), og hvatti l\u00e6risveina Jes\u00fa til \u00feess a\u00f0 lifa eins og hann kynni a\u00f0 birtast \u00e1 hverri stundu (1\u00deess 5.1-8; 1Kor 7.29-39).<\/p>\n

P\u00e1ll postuli er efalaust h\u00f6fundur a\u00f0 n\u00e6r helmingi af ritum N\u00fdja testamentisins.\u00a0 Hann er nefndur \u00e1 nafn \u00ed heilsun \u00ferett\u00e1n br\u00e9fanna, sem vi\u00f0 hann eru kennd, en \u00fdmsir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn telja \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 hann muni ekki hafa skrifa\u00f0 \u00feau \u00f6ll.\u00a0 \u00deeir eru \u00fe\u00f3 allir samd\u00f3ma um \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 P\u00e1ll hafi rita\u00f0 R\u00f3mverjabr\u00e9fi\u00f0, Fyrra og S\u00ed\u00f0ara Korintubr\u00e9f, Galatabr\u00e9fi\u00f0, Filipp\u00edbr\u00e9fi\u00f0, Fyrra \u00deessalon\u00edkubr\u00e9f og F\u00edlemonsbr\u00e9fi\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00derj\u00fa br\u00e9f til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar hafa inni a\u00f0 halda margar meginkenningar P\u00e1ls, en \u00ed \u00feeim ver\u00f0ur auk \u00feess vart hugmynda, sem ekki er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed br\u00e9funum sj\u00f6, sem \u00f6ruggt er \u00e1liti\u00f0 a\u00f0 P\u00e1ll hafi skrifa\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00deetta, og auk \u00feess annar og \u00f3l\u00edkur ritst\u00edll og or\u00f0afor\u00f0i, hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 sumum n\u00fdjatestamentisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum hafa komi\u00f0 til hugar a\u00f0rir h\u00f6fundar a\u00f0 Efesusbr\u00e9finu, K\u00f3lossubr\u00e9finu og S\u00ed\u00f0ara \u00deessalon\u00edkubr\u00e9fi.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1\u00a0\u00a0 er \u00ed efni hir\u00f0isbr\u00e9fanna \u00feriggja (Fyrra og S\u00ed\u00f0ara T\u00edm\u00f3teusarbr\u00e9fs og T\u00edtusarbr\u00e9fsins) gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir kringumst\u00e6\u00f0um safna\u00f0arlei\u00f0toga, sem ekki komu upp fyrr en einni e\u00f0a tveimur kynsl\u00f3\u00f0um eftir a\u00f0 P\u00e1ll var allur, \u00feegar s\u00f6fnu\u00f0um og safna\u00f0arf\u00f3lki haf\u00f0i fj\u00f6lga\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00de\u00f3tt venja s\u00e9 a\u00f0 l\u00edta svo \u00e1, a\u00f0 P\u00e1ll hafi rita\u00f0 \u00feessi br\u00e9f og \u00feau s\u00e9u raunar kennd vi\u00f0 hann, \u00fe\u00e1 er meira en l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 h\u00f6fundar \u00feeirra s\u00e9u menn sem voru gagnkunnugir skrifum P\u00e1ls og kenningum hans og vildu heimf\u00e6ra \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u af honum l\u00e6rt upp \u00e1 n\u00fdjar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur og \u00e1\u00f0ur \u00f3\u00feekkt vandam\u00e1l, sem upp komu \u00ed s\u00f6fnu\u00f0unum \u00feegar t\u00edmar li\u00f0u fram.\u00a0 Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar innganginn a\u00f0 br\u00e9funum.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 leikur ekki \u00e1 tveim tungum, a\u00f0 P\u00e1ll postuli var lang\u00e1hrifamestur forystuma\u00f0ur kristninnar \u00ed frumkirkjunni.\u00a0 Hann kenndi og pr\u00e9dika\u00f0i mj\u00f6g v\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed l\u00f6ndunum kringum Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhaf.\u00a0Sum af br\u00e9fum s\u00ednum skrifa\u00f0i hann f\u00f3lki og s\u00f6fnu\u00f0um sem hann haf\u00f0i \u00feegar kynnst \u00e1 fer\u00f0um s\u00ednum og bo\u00f0a\u00f0 fagna\u00f0arerindi\u00f0 um Jes\u00fa Krist.\u00a0 \u00d6nnur sendi hann m\u00f6nnum sem hann vona\u00f0ist til a\u00f0 eiga eftir a\u00f0 hitta s\u00ed\u00f0ar.\u00a0 \u00deessi \u00f3vi\u00f0jafnanlegu br\u00e9f veita okkur inns\u00fdn \u00ed daglegt l\u00edf og hugsun manna \u00ed frumkirkjunni, f\u00f3lks, sem reyndi af fremsta megni a\u00f0 komast til skilnings \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a merkingu Jes\u00fas og kenning hans hef\u00f0i \u00ed \u00feessum heimi og hinum komanda.\u00a0 Gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i P\u00e1ls speglar menningu og mannf\u00e9lag samt\u00edma hans.\u00a0 H\u00fan birtir okkur\u00a0 skilning hans \u00e1 helgiritum Gy\u00f0inga og \u00feekkingu hans \u00e1 gr\u00edskri heimspeki.\u00a0 P\u00e1ll n\u00fdtti allt sem hann vissi og allt sem hann haf\u00f0i reynt til \u00feess a\u00f0 pr\u00e9dika fagna\u00f0arerindi\u00f0 um Jes\u00fa Krist.\u00a0 Hann leit r\u00e9ttilega svo \u00e1, a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00fatvalinn til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fatbrei\u00f0a „kraft Gu\u00f0s sem frelsar hvern \u00feann mann sem tr\u00fair“ (R\u00f3m 1.16).<\/p>\n

Almennu br\u00e9fin og Opinberunarb\u00f3k J\u00f3hannesar<\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>S\u00ed\u00f0ustu n\u00edu rit N\u00fdja testamentis eru sundurleit verk \u00fdmissa h\u00f6funda.\u00a0 Hin fyrstu \u00e1tta (fr\u00e1 Hebreabr\u00e9finu til og me\u00f0 J\u00fadasarbr\u00e9fi) eru oft nefnd almennu br\u00e9fin.\u00a0 Sum \u00feeirra eru \u00ed formi sendibr\u00e9fs l\u00edkt og br\u00e9f P\u00e1ls postula.\u00a0 Svo er um Jakobsbr\u00e9fi\u00f0, Fyrra og S\u00ed\u00f0ara P\u00e9tursbr\u00e9f, Anna\u00f0 og \u00deri\u00f0ja J\u00f3hannesarbr\u00e9f og J\u00fadasarbr\u00e9fi\u00f0.\u00a0 Hebreabr\u00e9fi\u00f0 er l\u00edka tali\u00f0 me\u00f0, af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ritinu l\u00fdkur me\u00f0 fyrirb\u00e6n og hef\u00f0bundnum kve\u00f0jum, en \u00ed raun er \u00fea\u00f0 miklu l\u00edkara mikilfenglegri pr\u00e9dikun e\u00f0a jafnvel r\u00f6\u00f0 pr\u00e9dikana.\u00a0 Fyrsta J\u00f3hannesarbr\u00e9f hefst ekki \u00e1 venjulegri heilsun eins og t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed sendibr\u00e9fum, en um lei\u00f0 og br\u00e9fritari veitir lesendum s\u00ednum \u00fdmsa r\u00e1\u00f0gj\u00f6f, \u00e1varpar hann \u00fe\u00e1 mj\u00f6g innilega, eins og \u00feegar vinur skrifar vinum.<\/p>\n

Til \u00feess a\u00f0 hinir fyrstu kristnu menn samsamist ekki me\u00f0 \u00f6llu\u00a0 fj\u00f6lskr\u00fa\u00f0ugu umhverfi s\u00ednu \u00ed andlegum og veraldlegum efnum, eru lesendur Almennu br\u00e9fanna mj\u00f6g vara\u00f0ir vi\u00f0 villukennendum (2P\u00e9t 2.1-3; 1J\u00f3h 2.18-26; 4.1,2; J\u00fadas 3.13), hvattir til heilags l\u00edfernis og g\u00f3\u00f0ra verka (Jak2.14-26; 1P\u00e9t 1.13-16; 2P\u00e9t 1.5-11) og minntir \u00e1 a\u00f0 elska hver annan (Heb 13.1,2; 1J\u00f3h 3.11-19; 2J\u00f3h 5,6). \u00a0\u00deeir eru kalla\u00f0ir \u00a0\u00fatvalinn „Gu\u00f0s l\u00fd\u00f0ur“ (Heb 3.1; 1P\u00e9t 2.9,10), en er \u00edtreka\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fatvalningin \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0i ekki, a\u00f0 \u00feeir komist hj\u00e1 \u00fej\u00e1ningum ellegar a\u00f0 yfir \u00fe\u00e1 komi ekki m\u00f6rg eldraunin (Heb 13.3; Jak 1.12; 1P\u00e9t 1.5-7; 3.13-17; 4.12-14). \u00a0Ofs\u00f3knir R\u00f3mverja \u00e1 hendur hinum kristnu munu hafa st\u00f3raukist \u00e1 ofanver\u00f0ri fyrstu \u00f6ldinni eftir Krists bur\u00f0, \u00feegar Domit\u00edanus var keisari.\u00a0\u00cd m\u00f6rgum almennu br\u00e9fanna er fj\u00f6lyrt um \u00ferengingarnar, sem kristnir menn ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00feola \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edmum, og m\u00e1 af \u00fev\u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00feau hafi veri\u00f0 skrifu\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratugum fyrstu aldarinnar e\u00f0a stuttu s\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

Af Opinberunarb\u00f3k J\u00f3hannesar ver\u00f0ur s\u00e9rstaklega lj\u00f3st hversu stirt var \u00e1 milli hinna kristnu og andst\u00e6\u00f0inga\u00a0\u00feeirra.\u00a0\u00a0 Greint fr\u00e1 vitrunum J\u00f3hannesar \u00e1 Patmos-eyju og \u00fear er og a\u00f0 finna nokkur br\u00e9f, sem ritu\u00f0 voru s\u00f6fnu\u00f0unum \u00ed Litlu-As\u00edu (Opb 2,3).\u00a0 Riti\u00f0 er d\u00e6mi um svonefnd opinberunarrit, er byggjast a\u00f0 nokkru \u00e1 eldri ritum Gy\u00f0inga af l\u00edku tagi, svo sem Dan\u00edel og Esek\u00edel.\u00a0\u00a0\u00cd \u00feessum b\u00f3kmenntun er l\u00fdst s\u00edfelldri bar\u00e1ttu \u00e1 milli Gu\u00f0s og illra afla og teki\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 Gu\u00f0 bera h\u00e6rra hlut a\u00f0 lokum.\u00a0En \u00e1 me\u00f0an endanlegur sigur hefur ekki enn veri\u00f0 unninn, mega \u00feeir sem fylgja Gu\u00f0i a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum b\u00faast vi\u00f0 sn\u00f6rpum andbyr og jafnvel l\u00edfl\u00e1ti af hendi fjandmanna hans.\u00a0 \u00cd opinberunarritunum \u00fair og gr\u00fair af s\u00fdnum, sl\u00e1andi t\u00e1knum og st\u00f3rbrotnum l\u00edkingum, og eru d\u00fdrin \u00ed 13. kap\u00edtula gott d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00deetta torr\u00e6\u00f0a efni \u00e1ttu Gu\u00f0s vinir a\u00f0 skilja,\u00a0en andst\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir ekki.\u00a0 Anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta „dulm\u00e1l“ er s\u00fa forna borg, „Bab\u00fdlon hin mikla“ (Opb 17.5-18.24).\u00a0 Kristnir lesendur Opinberunarb\u00f3karinnar f\u00f3ru ekki \u00ed grafg\u00f6tur um \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00e1tt var vi\u00f0 R\u00f3m, sem \u00feeir t\u00f6ldu or\u00f0i\u00f0 mikinn \u00f3vin Gu\u00f0s og barna hans.<\/p>\n

Eins og \u00ed m\u00f6rgum \u00f6\u00f0rum ritum af \u00feessari tegund er \u00ed Opinberunarb\u00f3k J\u00f3hannesar a\u00f0 finna feiknlegar l\u00fdsingar \u00e1 efsta d\u00f3mi.\u00a0Megintilgangur sl\u00edkra rita er samt a\u00f0 gl\u00e6\u00f0a von hinna kristnu og hvetja \u00fe\u00e1 til \u00feess a\u00f0 falla ekki fr\u00e1 \u00e1 r\u00f3stut\u00edmum.\u00a0\u00cd lokak\u00f6flum b\u00f3karinnar er dregin upp st\u00f3rkostleg mynd af n\u00fdjum himni Gu\u00f0s og n\u00fdrri j\u00f6r\u00f0 hans vi\u00f0 endi aldanna.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00fdja testamenti\u00f0 er s\u00ed\u00f0ari hluti Bibl\u00edu kristinna manna.\u00a0 \u00cd ritum […]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":4829,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4897","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4897","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4897"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4897\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4829"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/biblian.is\/fraedsla\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}