Tr\u00fa \u00cdsraels og s\u00ed\u00f0ar kristni frumkirkjunnar ur\u00f0u til \u00ed fj\u00f6lskr\u00fa\u00f0ugu umhverfi margs kyns \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0ar.\u00a0 \u00deau tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0, sem \u00cdsraels\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in kynntist \u00ed Palest\u00ednu og Egyptalandi, \u00e1ttu sitthva\u00f0 sameiginlegt, b\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er t\u00f3k til hugmynda og tilbei\u00f0slusi\u00f0a.\u00a0 Kristind\u00f3murinn spratt upp \u00far jar\u00f0vegi sem var settur saman af m\u00f6rgum tr\u00faarhugmyndum og \u00fdmislegri l\u00edfsspeki landanna vi\u00f0 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhaf og ur\u00f0u fer\u00f0al\u00f6g herja og kaupmanna til \u00feess a\u00f0 brei\u00f0a \u00feetta \u00fat.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong>\u00cdsraelsmenn tr\u00fa\u00f0u \u00e1 einn Gu\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 kallast \u201eeingy\u00f0istr\u00fa.\u201c Margar a\u00f0rar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00ed kringum Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafi\u00f0 voru hinsvegar fj\u00f6lgy\u00f0istr\u00faar.\u00a0 \u00deegar \u00cdsraelsmenn komu til Kanaanslands, meira en \u00fe\u00fasund \u00e1rum fyrir Krists bur\u00f0, kynntust \u00feeir gu\u00f0um granna sinna.\u00a0 L\u00f6gm\u00e1l M\u00f3se lag\u00f0i svo fyrir Gu\u00f0s l\u00fd\u00f0, a\u00f0 hann skyldi ekki hafa a\u00f0ra Gu\u00f0i en hinn eina,\u00a0Jahve<\/em>, \u00feann sem leitt haf\u00f0i \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina \u00fat \u00far \u00fer\u00e6lah\u00fasinu \u00ed Egyptalandi og til fyrirheitna landsins, Kanaanslands (2M\u00f3s 20:1-5).\u00a0 \u00deegar \u00cdsralesmenn voru sestir \u00fear a\u00f0, var \u00feeim s\u00edfelld freisting a\u00f0 tilbi\u00f0ja \u00feessa gu\u00f0i og oft f\u00e9llu \u00feeir fyrir heinni.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>Hj\u00e1 Kanverjum var El (hinn m\u00e1ttugi; fleirtala: El\u00f3h\u00edm) \u00e6\u00f0stur gu\u00f0a.\u00a0 Hann var \u00fe\u00f3 langt \u00fev\u00ed fr\u00e1 eini gu\u00f0inn, en hann var yfir hina settur. El skapa\u00f0i heiminn og var g\u00f3\u00f0vilja\u00f0ur fa\u00f0ir allra manna.\u00a0Hann var tilbe\u00f0inn \u00ed Palest\u00ednu \u00e1\u00f0ur en \u00cdsraelsmenn ur\u00f0u \u00fear r\u00e1\u00f0andi.\u00a0 \u00cd helgiritum Gy\u00f0inga er \u201eEl\u201c l\u00edka oft nafni\u00f0 \u00e1 Gu\u00f0i \u00cdsraels. D\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed Gamla testamenti.<\/p>\n Me\u00f0al andst\u00e6\u00f0inga Els voru Yamm (hafi\u00f0), Mot (dau\u00f0inn) og Levjatan (sj\u00f3skr\u00edmsli\u00f0).\u00a0 Sj\u00e1 t.d. Dav\u00ed\u00f0ss\u00e1lm 104:26 og Jes 27:1.<\/p>\n Anna\u00f0 fornt nafn \u00e1 gu\u00f0i \u00ed Austurl\u00f6ndum n\u00e6r var Baal, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir „herra,“ „eiginma\u00f0ur“ og „drottinn.“\u00a0 Kanverjar \u00e1k\u00f6llu\u00f0u Baal og leitu\u00f0u s\u00e9rstaklega til hans um \u00e1vaxtasemi og g\u00f3\u00f0a uppskeru og n\u00e6ga.\u00a0 Frj\u00f3semisgu\u00f0inn Baal var l\u00edka \u00ed storminum sem bl\u00e9s \u00ed S\u00fdrlandi og Palest\u00ednu \u00e1 veturna og snemma \u00e1 vorin og kom fr\u00e1 hafinu.\u00a0 Regn var l\u00edfsnau\u00f0syn vexti og vi\u00f0gangi jar\u00f0argr\u00f3\u00f0ans og tr\u00fa\u00f0u menn \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 rokin fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3num v\u00e6ru m\u00e1ttug go\u00f0m\u00f6gn.\u00a0 Sumt f\u00f3lk \u00ed forn\u00f6ld tr\u00fa\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edka a\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00faran v\u00e6ri gu\u00f0legum anda g\u00e6dd og d\u00fdrka\u00f0i\u00a0 tr\u00e9, flj\u00f3t, lindir og hella.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 tr\u00fa\u00f0i \u00e1 stokka og steina, eins og sagt er.<\/p>\n Sumar forn\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir tr\u00fa\u00f0u og \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0koma skepnanna og frj\u00f3magni\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1vexti\u00a0akursins \u00e6ttu \u00fe\u00e6r gy\u00f0jum a\u00f0 \u00feakka, er \u00fdttu jafnframt undir barneignir. Kanverska gy\u00f0jan As\u00e9ra, sem l\u00edka g\u00e9kk undir nafninu Astarte, var \u00e1litin m\u00f3\u00f0ir gu\u00f0anna. H\u00fan var eiginkona Els.\u00a0 Manasseh, einn af konungum J\u00fada, l\u00e9t setja upp \u00e1s\u00e9rul\u00edkneski \u00ed musteri Drottins \u00ed Jer\u00fasalem (2Kon 21:4-7).\u00a0 Or\u00f0i\u00f0 as\u00e9ra var l\u00edka nota\u00f0 um st\u00f3lpa sem helga\u00f0ir voru sem frj\u00f3semist\u00e1kn og settir upp \u00ed musterinu og \u00fati \u00e1 v\u00ed\u00f0avangi. (1Kon 14:23; 16:33).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Kanverska gy\u00f0jan Anat var frj\u00f3semisgy\u00f0ja.\u00a0 H\u00fan haf\u00f0i or\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast harkalega vi\u00f0 m\u00f3tgj\u00f6r\u00f0um.\u00a0 B\u00e6rinn Anat\u00f3t, nor\u00f0austur af Jer\u00faasalem, h\u00e9t \u00ed \u00ed h\u00f6fu\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 henni (J\u00f3s 21:9-19; Jer 1:1; 11:21).\u00a0 Bendir \u00fea\u00f0 til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00fear hafi h\u00fan veri\u00f0 bl\u00f3tu\u00f0 fyrr \u00e1 t\u00ed\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 er athyglisvert, a\u00f0 Anat\u00f3t h\u00e9lt nafni s\u00ednu \u00e1 d\u00f6gum hins r\u00e9tttr\u00faa\u00f0a Nehem\u00eda (landstj\u00f3ra \u00ed J\u00fada um 445 f. Kr.), er hann leiddi heimf\u00f6r Gy\u00f0inga \u00far \u00fatleg\u00f0inni \u00ed Bab\u00fdlon og br\u00fdndi fyrir \u00feeim a\u00f0 lifa stranglega eftir l\u00f6gm\u00e1li Drottins (Neh 7:26-38; 11:32).\u00a0 \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0 Filisteu, landr\u00e6munnar mj\u00f3u \u00e1 milli J\u00fada og Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafsins, \u00e1tti oft \u00ed \u00f3fri\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00cdsraelsmenn.\u00a0 Helsti gu\u00f0 \u00feeirra var Dag\u00f3n (1Sam 5:1-5).\u00a0 M\u00f3absb\u00faar, nefndir eftir landi s\u00ednu og einnig andst\u00e6\u00f0ingar \u00cdsraelsmanna, er \u00feeir n\u00e1mu land \u00ed Kanaan, lutu a\u00f0 s\u00ednu leyti gu\u00f0inum Kemosi.<\/p>\n Drottinn refsa\u00f0i \u00cdsraelsm\u00f6nnum, \u00feegar \u00feeir t\u00f3ku upp \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 elta a\u00f0ra gu\u00f0i.\u00a0 Akab \u00cdsraelskonungur kv\u00e6ntist Jesebel, d\u00f3ttur Etbaals konungs \u00ed S\u00eddon.\u00a0 Drottning h\u00e9t aukin heldur utan \u00ed gu\u00f0inn Baal, sem stundum var nefndur Seb\u00fal.\u00a0 Akab l\u00e9t ekki \u00fear vi\u00f0 sitja, heldur reisti hann Baal hof \u00ed h\u00f6fu\u00f0borg konungsr\u00edkis s\u00edns, Samar\u00edu, og \u00fe\u00f3tti \u00fea\u00f0 miki\u00f0 \u00f3h\u00e6fuverk, enda brot gegn M\u00f3sel\u00f6gum (1Kon 16:31-32), en ekki n\u00f3g me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, heldur h\u00e9lt hann uppi hundru\u00f0um sp\u00e1manna As\u00e9ru a\u00f0 undirlagi konu sinnar (1Kon 18:19).\u00a0 T\u00f3k n\u00fa margur a\u00f0 tilbi\u00f0ja Baal og As\u00e9ru auk Drottins (Jahve), Gu\u00f0s \u00cdsraels.\u00a0 Sl\u00edkt braut algj\u00f6rlega \u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 bo\u00f0or\u00f0i\u00f0, sem Drottinn haf\u00f0i fali\u00f0 M\u00f3se:\u00a0 „\u00de\u00fa skalt ekki hafa a\u00f0ra gu\u00f0i en mig.“\u00a0 Fyrir \u00feessar syndir \u00cdsraels framseldi Drottinn \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina \u00ed hendur \u00f3vinum hennar, sem gersigru\u00f0u hana og fluttu burt \u00far landi s\u00ednu \u00ed \u00fatleg\u00f0 til Ass\u00fdr\u00edu.<\/p>\n Til forna h\u00f6f\u00f0u margar borgir og borgr\u00edki s\u00edna eigin gu\u00f0i.\u00a0 \u00d6lturu voru reist \u00e1 helgist\u00f6\u00f0um og gu\u00f0unum f\u00e6r\u00f0ar f\u00f3rnir \u00fear.\u00a0 \u00deessar f\u00f3rnargj\u00f6fum var \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 bl\u00ed\u00f0ka gu\u00f0ina \u00ed von um a\u00f0 \u00feeir mundu \u00ed sta\u00f0inn verja \u00edb\u00faa borgarinnar \u00e1f\u00f6llum og tryggja g\u00f3\u00f0a uppskeru.\u00a0 \u00cd hverri borg g\u00f6mlu Bab\u00fdlon\u00edu var \u00feannig byggt musteri handa verndargo\u00f0inu.<\/p>\n Stj\u00f6rnuspekin, sem segir s\u00f3lina og reikistj\u00f6rnurnar r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00farslitum um l\u00edf mannanna, er upprunnin \u00ed Bab\u00fdlon\u00edu og \u00e1tti gr\u00ed\u00f0armikil \u00edt\u00f6k \u00ed hugum f\u00f3lks \u00ed ver\u00f6ld Grikkja og R\u00f3mverja.\u00a0 \u00cdsraels\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in v\u00edsa\u00f0i \u00feessari kenningu \u00e1 bug og taldi \u00fea\u00f0 ekki samr\u00fdmast eingy\u00f0istr\u00fa a\u00f0 telja stj\u00f6rnurnar vera svo mikilsver\u00f0a \u00e1hrifavalda.\u00a0 S\u00f3lin, tungli\u00f0 og stj\u00f6rnurnar v\u00e6ru skapa\u00f0ar af Gu\u00f0i (1M\u00f3s 1:14-19; Slm 8:3; 147:4) og g\u00e6tu \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi ekki sj\u00e1lfar veri\u00f0 gu\u00f0ir.<\/p>\n \u00cd Egyptalandi d\u00fdrku\u00f0u menn \u00e1kaflega go\u00f0in \u00cdsis, \u00d3s\u00edris og Serap\u00eds.\u00a0S\u00fdrlendingar, n\u00e1grannar \u00cdsraels \u00ed nor\u00f0ri, tignu\u00f0u voldugan himingu\u00f0, sem Hadad h\u00e9t, og var\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 Grikkir styrktust \u00ed tr\u00fanni \u00e1 stj\u00f6rnuspekina, sem svo algeng var \u00ed Bab\u00fdlon\u00edu.\u00a0 Persar, sem unnu sigur \u00e1 Bab\u00fdlon\u00edum\u00f6nnum og r\u00e9\u00f0u yfir Palst\u00ednu \u00e1\u00f0ur en Grikkir r\u00e9\u00f0ust inn \u00ed landi\u00f0, fylgdu sp\u00e1manninum Mazdak.\u00a0Bo\u00f0skapur hans var skyldur kenningum Zara\u00fe\u00fastra, sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar m\u00f3tu\u00f0u vi\u00f0horf Gnosta (sj\u00e1 h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir).\u00a0 \u00cd Litlu-As\u00edu kva\u00f0 mest a\u00f0 gy\u00f0junni K\u00fdbele, sem l\u00edka var nefnd M\u00f3\u00f0irin mikla. \u00a0Grikkir s\u00e1u \u00ed henni Rheu, m\u00f3\u00f0ur gr\u00edsku go\u00f0anna, og einnig Artem\u00eds, sem Bibl\u00edan minnist raunar \u00e1 og var gy\u00f0ja Efesusmanna (Post. 19:21-41).<\/p>\n Aldirnar fyrir Krists bur\u00f0 var mikil gr\u00f3ska \u00ed andlegu l\u00edfi og hugsunum f\u00f3lks um yfirjar\u00f0neskt vald og hinstu r\u00f6k \u00ed l\u00f6ndunum vi\u00f0 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhaf.\u00a0 Br\u00e9fin \u00ed N\u00fdja testamentinu vitna gl\u00f6ggt um fj\u00f6lskr\u00fa\u00f0ugan \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0 og tilbei\u00f0slusi\u00f0i, sem ur\u00f0u \u00e1 vegi l\u00e6risveina Jes\u00fa.\u00a0 (Sj\u00e1 d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta t.d. 1Kor 8; 10; Gal 1:6-9; 1J\u00f3h 2:26,27; Opb 2:2-6, 14-16, 20-25).<\/p>\n H\u00e6st bar tr\u00faarhugmyndir og l\u00edfsspeki n\u00fdrra t\u00edma, er \u00e1ttu r\u00e6tur a\u00f0 rekja til Forn-Grikkja.\u00a0 \u00deegar Alexander mikli og eftirkomendur hans t\u00f3ku vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnartaumunum \u00e1 S\u00fdrlandi og \u00ed Palest\u00ednu eftir \u00e1ri\u00f0 330 f. Kr., nefndu \u00feeir heimago\u00f0in \u00fear upp \u00e1 n\u00fdtt og innleiddu n\u00fd a\u00f0 auki.\u00a0 Seifur var \u00e6\u00f0stur gu\u00f0a me\u00f0 Grikkjum og R\u00f3mverjum, sonur gamla Kronosar,\u00a0 sem var gu\u00f0 t\u00edmans.\u00a0 Grikkir tignu\u00f0u og gy\u00f0jur, eins og t.d. vei\u00f0igy\u00f0juna Artemis og egypsku gy\u00f0juna \u00cdsis.\u00a0 \u00cdsis er a\u00f0 v\u00edsu ekki nefnd \u00e1 nafni \u00ed N\u00fdja testamenti, en vita\u00f0 er a\u00f0 \u00feessum \u00f6ldum tr\u00fa\u00f0i\u00a0 fj\u00f6ldi f\u00f3lks vi\u00f0 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhafi\u00f0 \u00e1 hana og \u00feakka\u00f0i henni \u00e1r hvert fyrir jar\u00f0argr\u00f3\u00f0ann og frj\u00f3semd hjar\u00f0arinnar.\u00a0 Tr\u00fain \u00e1 \u00cdsis breiddist \u00fat um allar jar\u00f0ir fyrir tilstilli kaupmanna og hermanna og var\u00f0 \u00far dj\u00fapt\u00e6kur \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0ur.\u00a0 Tignun \u00cdsisar keppti vi\u00f0 framgang kristind\u00f3msins fyrstu \u00ferj\u00e1r aldir okkar t\u00edmatals.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 var\u00f0 d\u00fdrkun l\u00e6kningagu\u00f0sins Asklep\u00edosar mj\u00f6g \u00fatbreidd.\u00a0 Kristnum m\u00f6nnum var \u00ed mun a\u00f0 s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 frelsari \u00feeirra b\u00e6ri langt af \u00feessum gu\u00f0i og m\u00e1 vel vera a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi a\u00f0 nokkru birst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed hvernig h\u00f6fundar gu\u00f0spjallanna greina fr\u00e1 l\u00e6kningakraftaverkum Jes\u00fa.<\/p>\n \u00cd ver\u00f6ld Grikkja nutu svonefndar „launhelgar“ l\u00edka mikillar hylli. \u00de\u00e6r voru leynif\u00e9l\u00f6g og \u00feeir sem heyr\u00f0u \u00feeim til l\u00e9tu ekkert uppsk\u00e1tt um tr\u00fa s\u00edna vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1, sem fyrir utan voru.\u00a0 N\u00fdr f\u00e9lagi var tekinn inn me\u00f0 fl\u00f3knum vi\u00f0hafnarsi\u00f0um, sem l\u00edka voru algert leyndarm\u00e1l.\u00a0 \u00dev\u00ed var tr\u00faa\u00f0, a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00feessari leynilegu h\u00e1ttsemi, yr\u00f0u menn hluttakendur \u00ed l\u00edfi sj\u00e1lfra gu\u00f0anna.\u00a0 \u00c1sts\u00e6lustu launhelgarnar voru kenndar vi\u00f0 Demeter og Dionysos.\u00a0 Demeter var b\u00e6ndagy\u00f0ja, trygg\u00f0i frj\u00f3semi, reglu og g\u00f3\u00f0a uppskeru.\u00a0Dionysos var gu\u00f0 jurtagr\u00f3\u00f0urins, einkum v\u00ednsins, gu\u00f0 hins tryllta gu\u00f0m\u00f3\u00f0s, einkum \u00e1 n\u00e6tur\u00feeli.\u00a0 Andi Dionysosar var talinn fara \u00ed hold d\u00fdra (og jafnvel manna), sem honum voru helgu\u00f0 og etin vi\u00f0 tr\u00faarathafnirnar.\u00a0 D\u00fdrkendur gu\u00f0sins, sem \u00e1ttu \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00e6silegum leyndarhelgisi\u00f0unum, tr\u00fa\u00f0u a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 eta kj\u00f6ti\u00f0 v\u00e6ru \u00feeir a\u00f0 taka til s\u00edn hluta af Dionysosi sj\u00e1lfum.\u00a0 Margur samt\u00edmama\u00f0urinn s\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed ekki betur en hinir kristnu r\u00e6ktu eigin launhelgar \u00feegar \u00feeir vi\u00f0 kv\u00f6ldm\u00e1lt\u00ed\u00f0arbor\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1tu brau\u00f0 og drukku v\u00edn sem meistari \u00feeirra haf\u00f0i kalla\u00f0 hold sitt og bl\u00f3\u00f0 (Mk 14:22-24).\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 var og tali\u00f0, a\u00f0 Dionysos k\u00e6mi \u00ed kring endurf\u00e6\u00f0ingu, fylgjendum s\u00ednum til handa.\u00a0 \u00deess hafa einhverjir minnst, \u00feegar l\u00e6risveinar Jes\u00fa sta\u00f0h\u00e6f\u00f0u, a\u00f0 frelsari \u00feeirra veitti hverjum sem \u00e1 hann tr\u00fa\u00f0i eil\u00edft l\u00edf (J\u00f3h 3:1-21).<\/p>\n \u00c1 fyrstu \u00f6ldinni eftir a\u00f0 Kristur kom \u00ed heiminn tr\u00fa\u00f0u l\u00edka margir \u00e1 vald \u00f6rlaganna, fyrirfram \u00e1kve\u00f0in forl\u00f6g, stj\u00f6rnuspeki og t\u00f6fra.\u00a0 Sumir voru \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Tykke (forl\u00f6g, g\u00f3\u00f0 gifta) v\u00e6ri \u00e6\u00f0st gu\u00f0a, og r\u00e9\u00f0i farna\u00f0i manna, svo l\u00e1ni sem \u00f3l\u00e1ni.\u00a0 K\u00e6mist einhver \u00ed \u00e1lnir, \u00fe\u00e1 var \u00fea\u00f0 forlagagy\u00f0junni a\u00f0 \u00feakka.En missti s\u00e1 hinn sami allt sitt, \u00fe\u00e1 haf\u00f0i h\u00fan einnig \u00fear um v\u00e9la\u00f0.\u00c1\u00feekk \u00feessu var tr\u00fain \u00e1 \u00f6rlagagu\u00f0inn.\u00a0 Sumir \u00e1litu hann st\u00fdra gj\u00f6rvallri framvindu \u00ed heimi h\u00e9r, a\u00f0 ath\u00f6fnum allra manna me\u00f0t\u00f6ldum.\u00a0\u00d6rlagagu\u00f0inn olli b\u00e6\u00f0i g\u00f3\u00f0u og illu. F\u00f3lk allt var einasta verkf\u00e6ri \u00ed h\u00f6ndum hans svo a\u00f0 \u00feeir atbur\u00f0ir g\u00e6tu or\u00f0i\u00f0, \u00ed n\u00fat\u00ed\u00f0 og framt\u00ed\u00f0, sem \u00e6\u00f0ri v\u00f6ld h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feegar \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a mundu.<\/p>\n \u00deessar tr\u00faarhugmyndir greiddu veg stj\u00f6rnuspekinni og \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0i henni tengdan.\u00a0\u00cd \u00feeim fr\u00e6\u00f0um var \u00fev\u00ed tr\u00faa\u00f0, a\u00f0 gangur s\u00f3lar, tungls og stjarna v\u00e6ri allsr\u00e1\u00f0andi um l\u00edf mannanna.\u00a0 \u00cd Grikklandi t\u00f3ku stj\u00f6rnuspekin og v\u00edsindin h\u00f6ndum saman og \u00fatbjuggu „stj\u00f6rnusp\u00e1kort“, er s\u00fdndu st\u00f6\u00f0u himintungla er sag\u00f0i fyrir um afdrif f\u00f3lks. \u00deeir, sem ekki g\u00e1tu fellt sig vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f6rl\u00f6gin e\u00f0a afsta\u00f0a hnatta himinsins v\u00e6ru einr\u00e1\u00f0 um tilveru \u00feeirra leitu\u00f0u til t\u00f6framanna.\u00a0 \u00deeir b\u00e1ru \u00e1 s\u00e9r t\u00f6fragripi og \u00fdmsa dularfulla muni, er vernda \u00e1ttu eigandann, \u00feuldu magna\u00f0an sei\u00f0 og h\u00f6f\u00f0u yfir galdraform\u00falur til \u00feess a\u00f0 halda fr\u00e1 \u00f3kindum og illum \u00f6flum.\u00a0 \u00deessi hj\u00e1tr\u00fa var almenn, eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00ed Post 19:11-12, \u00fear sem greinir fr\u00e1 \u00feeim sem l\u00e9tu kl\u00fata og fl\u00edkur snerta P\u00e1l postula og tr\u00fa\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feessi pl\u00f6gg \u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0ust \u00fear me\u00f0 kraft til \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna sj\u00faka og reka \u00fat illa anda.<\/p>\n Gr\u00edsk heimspeki.\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00c1 \u00feri\u00f0ju og fj\u00f3r\u00f0u \u00f6ld fyrir Krists bur\u00f0 voru uppi \u00ed Grikklandi heimspekingarnir S\u00f3krates, Plat\u00f3n og Arist\u00f3teles.\u00a0 \u00deeir hugleiddu hvernig menn fengju \u00e1stunda\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r dygg\u00f0ir, sem einar v\u00e6ru vegurinn til sannrar fars\u00e6ldar \u00ed samhlj\u00f3\u00f0an vi\u00f0 borgr\u00edki\u00f0, mannl\u00edfi\u00f0 og n\u00e1tt\u00faruna.\u00a0Nemendur \u00feessara miklu l\u00e6rimeistara stofnu\u00f0u s\u00ed\u00f0ar me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00f3f\u00e1a spekisk\u00f3la.\u00a0 \u00deegar frumkirkjan var\u00f0 til h\u00f6f\u00f0u um\u00feenkingar \u00e6ttu\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00feessum sk\u00f3lum rutt s\u00e9r til r\u00fams \u00ed l\u00f6ndunum vi\u00f0 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhaf.\u00a0 Einkum n\u00e1\u00f0u kenningar \u00feeirra Plat\u00f3ns og Arist\u00f3telesar f\u00f6stum t\u00f6kum \u00e1 hugmyndum kristinna rith\u00f6funda og hugsu\u00f0a.<\/p>\n A\u00feeningurinn\u00a0S\u00f3krates <\/strong>var uppi\u00a0 \u00e1 \u00e1runum \u00ed kringum 469 til 399 f. Kr.\u00a0 Gr\u00edsku heimspekingarnir \u00e1 undan honum veltu \u00fev\u00ed einkum fyrir s\u00e9r af hva\u00f0a efni heimurinn v\u00e6ri ger\u00f0ur og hvernig hann v\u00e6ri settur saman.\u00a0 S\u00f3krates taldi a\u00f0 heimspekin \u00e6tta l\u00edka a\u00f0 kenna f\u00f3lki a\u00f0 lifa g\u00f3\u00f0u l\u00edfi.\u00a0 \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed skyni nota\u00f0i hann einkum tv\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til \u00feess a\u00f0 afla \u00feekkingar og mi\u00f0la henni, \u00ed fyrsta lagi svokalla\u00f0a a\u00f0lei\u00f0slu\u00a0<\/em>(almennar reglur leiddar af einst\u00f6kum d\u00e6mum e\u00f0a sta\u00f0reyndum) og \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi skilgreiningu <\/em>(n\u00e1kv\u00e6m \u00fatlistun \u00e1 merkingu or\u00f0s, hugtaks e\u00f0a hlutar).\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 var honum og tamt a\u00f0 nota h\u00e1rbeitta r\u00f6kv\u00edsi \u00ed \u00a0<\/em>samr\u00e6\u00f0um, svo a\u00f0 \u00far var\u00f0\u00fer\u00e6tulist<\/em>, \u00fear sem spurt er og svara\u00f0 og hver sko\u00f0un kallar \u00e1 andm\u00e6li.\u00a0 Af \u00fev\u00ed hve dygg\u00f0irnar voru S\u00f3kratesi hugleiknar er vant a\u00f0 kalla hann f\u00f6\u00f0ur si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0innar.<\/p>\n Plat\u00f3n\u00a0<\/strong>(428-348 f. Kr.) var l\u00e6risveinn S\u00f3kratesar.\u00a0 Hann stofna\u00f0i fr\u00e6gan heimspekisk\u00f3la \u00ed A\u00feenu, „Akadem\u00edu“, er var vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0i \u00ed meira en n\u00edu hundru\u00f0 \u00e1r.\u00a0 Kenningarnar \u00ed samr\u00e6\u00f0um<\/em>hans eru me\u00f0al \u00feess sem dj\u00fapt\u00e6kust \u00e1hrif hefur haft \u00ed s\u00f6gu vestr\u00e6nnar menningar.\u00a0Plat\u00f3n taldi a\u00f0 skynsemin (logos \u00e1 gr\u00edsku) v\u00e6ri innsta e\u00f0li alheimsins og hef\u00f0i stj\u00f3rn \u00e1 \u00f6llum hlutum.\u00a0 \u00deegar hann hugleiddi st\u00f6\u00f0uga breytingu alls sem er til, \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00f3f hann a\u00f0 leita \u00feess, sem er \u00f3breytanlegt, en birtist samt \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed hverfula.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 kalla\u00f0i hann „frummyndir“ e\u00f0a „hugsj\u00f3nir“.\u00a0 \u00deegar vi\u00f0, sag\u00f0i Plat\u00f3n, nefnum eitthvert hugtak, t.d. fegur\u00f0 e\u00f0a hugrekki, \u00fe\u00e1 getum vi\u00f0 gert \u00fea\u00f0 af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 til eru varanlegar myndir e\u00f0a hugsj\u00f3nir fegur\u00f0ar og hugrekkis, sem b\u00faa eil\u00edfar og \u00f3umbreytanlegar a\u00f0 baki veruleikanum og birta okkur \u00feessar eigindir.\u00a0 Ver\u00f6ldin, sem vi\u00f0 skynjum er \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins endurskin \u00f3s\u00fdnilegs hugsj\u00f3naheims. \u00deessar hugsj\u00f3nir e\u00f0a frummyndir \u00e1 bak vi\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00farul\u00f6gm\u00e1lin og efnisheiminn eru hinn sanni raunveruleiki.\u00a0 Plat\u00f3n tr\u00fa\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ma\u00f0urinn hef\u00f0i \u00f3dau\u00f0lega s\u00e1l og h\u00fan v\u00e6ri l\u00edkamanum \u00e6\u00f0ri.\u00a0 S\u00e1lin er \u00fea\u00f0, sem gerir okkur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 erum, sag\u00f0i hann.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00fev\u00ed br\u00fdnasta skylda hvers manns a\u00f0 au\u00f0ga andann, svo a\u00f0 hann yr\u00f0i gu\u00f0unum sambo\u00f0inn.<\/p>\n Arist\u00f3teles <\/strong>(384-322 f. Kr.) l\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00ed „Akadem\u00edunni“ hj\u00e1 Plat\u00f3ni\u00a0 \u00deegar meistarinn var allur flutti Arist\u00f3teles fr\u00e1 A\u00feenu og ger\u00f0ist kennari Alexanders mikla.\u00a0Heimkominn aftur til A\u00feenu setti hann \u00e1 stofn sinn eigin heimspekisk\u00f3la „Lykeion“.\u00a0 Hann br\u00fdndi nau\u00f0syn \u00feess a\u00f0 spyrja eftir ors\u00f6k hlutanna.\u00a0\u00d6fugt vi\u00f0 Plat\u00f3n taldi Arist\u00f3teles a\u00f0 frummyndirnar, „formin“, v\u00e6ru eiginleikar hlutanna og yllu \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir breyttust og \u00fear sem Gu\u00f0 v\u00e6ri eina, hreina og fullkomna frummyndin, \u00fe\u00e1 v\u00e6ri hann ors\u00f6k og markmi\u00f0 allrar ver\u00f0andi.\u00a0 Kenningar Arist\u00f3telesar, sem skr\u00e1\u00f0ar voru \u00e1 b\u00e6kur af honum sj\u00e1lfum og nemendum hans, spanna flest svi\u00f0 v\u00edsinda og \u00feekkingar, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al r\u00f6kfr\u00e6\u00f0i og si\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, n\u00e1tt\u00faru- og e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1l og lj\u00f3\u00f0list.<\/p>\n K\u00fdn\u00edkarnir.\u00a0<\/strong>Antis\u00feenes (444-370 f. Kr.) h\u00e9t einn nemenda S\u00f3kratesar.\u00a0 S\u00e1 er talinn upphafsma\u00f0ur k\u00fdn\u00edsku heimspekinnar \u00ed A\u00feenu.\u00a0Nafnkunnastur k\u00fdn\u00edka var annars D\u00ed\u00f3genes fr\u00e1 S\u00edn\u00f3pe, borg vi\u00f0 strendur Svarta hafsins.\u00a0 Hann \u00e1leit a\u00f0 dygg\u00f0ugt l\u00edferni f\u00e6r\u00f0i hamingju, en h\u00fan v\u00e6ri ekki komin undir hverfulum hlutum eins og v\u00f6ldum, au\u00f0\u00e6fum e\u00f0a g\u00f3\u00f0ri heilsu. K\u00fdn\u00edsku heimspekingarnir h\u00f6f\u00f0u ekkert fast a\u00f0setur, heldur fer\u00f0u\u00f0ust \u00far sta\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0, eins og sumir postulanna s\u00ed\u00f0ar.\u00a0 Skilja m\u00e1 af 17. kap\u00edtula Postulas\u00f6gunnar, versunum 16 til 34, a\u00f0 A\u00feeningar hafi haldi\u00f0 P\u00e1l postula veri\u00f0 f\u00f6ruheimspeking, \u00feegar hann pr\u00e9dika\u00f0i \u00e1 Aresarh\u00e6\u00f0. Ekki er fyllilega lj\u00f3st, hvers vegna hreyfingin f\u00e9kk nafni\u00f0 K\u00fdn\u00edkar (gr\u00edska or\u00f0i\u00f0 „k\u00fdon“ \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir hundur).\u00a0 Ef til vill minntu k\u00fdn\u00edkarnir \u00e1 hunda \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed hve n\u00e6gjusamir \u00feeir voru, en um lei\u00f0 \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0ugum \u00feeytingi og auk \u00feess grimmir \u00ed gagnr\u00fdni sinni \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feeir \u00e1litu spillt samf\u00e9lag.\u00a0 En kannski v\u00edsar or\u00f0i\u00f0 til nafnsins „K\u00fdnosarges,“ sem var sk\u00f3li \u00fear sem k\u00fdn\u00edkar komu saman a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a heimspeki.<\/p>\n St\u00f3uspekin <\/strong>er rakin til a\u00f0alh\u00f6fundar s\u00edns, sem Zenon\u00a0 h\u00e9t og var fr\u00e1 b\u00e6num K\u00edt\u00edum \u00e1 K\u00fdpur (336-261 f. Kr.)\u00a0Gr\u00edska or\u00f0i\u00f0 „st\u00f3a“ \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir s\u00falnag\u00f6ng.\u00a0 Dr\u00f3 hreyfingin nafn sitt af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Zenon og \u00e1hangendur hans voru vanir a\u00f0 safnast saman undir s\u00falna\u00feaki, St\u00f3a Poik\u00edle, \u00e1 nor\u00f0urja\u00f0ri marka\u00f0storgsins \u00ed A\u00feenu (sj\u00e1 mynd).\u00a0St\u00f3umenn t\u00f6ldu, a\u00f0 ver\u00f6ldin eins og h\u00fan leggur sig v\u00e6ri gu\u00f0d\u00f3mleg vera og hinir \u00fdmsu gu\u00f0ir ekkert anna\u00f0 en mismunandi n\u00f6fn \u00e1 alheimsgu\u00f0inum.\u00a0 N\u00e1tt\u00faran \u00f6ll v\u00e6ri \u00fev\u00ed skyni g\u00e6dd.\u00a0 Dygg\u00f0 \u00e1litu \u00feeir a\u00f0 lifa \u00ed samhlj\u00f3\u00f0an vi\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00faruna.\u00a0 S\u00e1larfri\u00f0 fyndu \u00feeir sem hef\u00f0u vit \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 greina \u00ed milli \u00feess sem v\u00e6ri \u00e1 \u00feeirra valdi og hins sem v\u00e6ri \u00fea\u00f0 ekki;\u00a0 enginn skyldi hir\u00f0a h\u00f3t um \u00fea\u00f0, sem hann fengi hvort sem er engu um r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0.\u00a0 St\u00f3umenn voru \u00feeirrar sko\u00f0unar a\u00f0 f\u00f3lk g\u00e6ti lifa\u00f0 \u00ed samhlj\u00f3\u00f0an vi\u00f0 alheimsgu\u00f0inn, sem \u00feeir nefndu dygg\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00deeir vildu a\u00f0 dygg\u00f0in (vitiborin orka n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar) v\u00e6ri h\u00f6f\u00f0 a\u00f0 lei\u00f0arlj\u00f3si, en ekki skeytt um hitt (apatheia \u00e1 gr\u00edsku = sinnuleysi) sem skygg\u00f0i \u00e1 hana, svo sem au\u00f0, s\u00e6ll\u00edfi, l\u00e1n e\u00f0a \u00f3l\u00e1n.\u00a0 (\u00c1 \u00edslensku er or\u00f0i\u00f0 „st\u00f3\u00edskur“ \u00e1 okkar d\u00f6gum nota\u00f0 um r\u00f3legan mann og \u00feolinm\u00f3\u00f0an, sem ekki er uppn\u00e6mur fyrir sm\u00e1munum, heldur tekur \u00fev\u00ed sem a\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum ber „af st\u00f3\u00edskri r\u00f3.“)\u00a0 Eins og \u00feeir, er fylgdu \u00ed f\u00f3tspor hans s\u00ed\u00f0ar, pr\u00e9dika\u00f0i Zenon jafnr\u00e9tti kynjanna og var eindregi\u00f0 og \u00e1kaflega m\u00f3tfallinn \u00fer\u00e6lahaldi.\u00a0 Margt af \u00fev\u00ed sem St\u00f3umenn h\u00e9ldu fram kom vel heim vi\u00f0 sko\u00f0anir hinna frumkristnu.\u00a0 Aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti tr\u00fa\u00f0u \u00feeir \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 Kristur hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 sannur Gu\u00f0, j\u00e1tu\u00f0u ekki upprisu hans og h\u00f6fnu\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 lifendur og dau\u00f0ir \u00e6ttu eftir a\u00f0 koma fyrir d\u00f3m.\u00a0 Skrif Gy\u00f0ingsins Philo fr\u00e1 Alexandr\u00edu (25 f.Kr. til 50 e. Kr.) eru litu\u00f0 af vi\u00f0horfum St\u00f3umanna.\u00a0 Hi\u00f0 sama m\u00e1 segja um br\u00e9f P\u00e1ls postula \u00ed N\u00fdja testamenti (1Kor\u00a0 7:32-35).<\/p>\n Ep\u00edk\u00faringar\u00a0<\/strong>voru kenndir vi\u00f0 Ep\u00edk\u00faros, sem uppi var \u00ed A\u00feenu um 342 til 270 f. Kr.\u00a0 \u00deessum h\u00f3pi heimspekinga var \u00e1n\u00e6gjan, vell\u00ed\u00f0anin eftirs\u00f3ttust g\u00e6\u00f0a.\u00a0 R\u00f3semi (ataraxia \u00e1 gr\u00edsku) var talin stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 hamingju, og jafnframt bar a\u00f0 snei\u00f0a hj\u00e1 s\u00e9rhverju \u00fev\u00ed sem s\u00e1rt var.\u00a0 Hvorki h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feeir \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f6rl\u00f6gunum n\u00e9 voru \u00feeir forlagatr\u00faar.\u00a0 \u00cd sta\u00f0 \u00feess tr\u00fa\u00f0u \u00feeir \u00e1 frj\u00e1lsan vilja.\u00a0Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir ger\u00f0u ekkert \u00far \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 yfirjar\u00f0nesk \u00f6fl hef\u00f0u nokku\u00f0 um l\u00edf manna a\u00f0 segja, litu \u00fdmsir svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feeir v\u00e6ru gu\u00f0leysingjar.\u00a0 \u00deeir t\u00f6ldu, a\u00f0 s\u00f6nn \u00e1n\u00e6gja v\u00e6ri af \u00fev\u00ed sprottin a\u00f0 \u00e1stunda r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti og lifa heilbrig\u00f0u, g\u00f6fugu l\u00edfi.\u00a0 En \u00feeir l\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00e1herslu \u00e1 andann; s\u00f6g\u00f0u innri f\u00f6gnu\u00f0 nautnum l\u00edkamans langtum d\u00fdrm\u00e6tari.\u00a0Ep\u00edk\u00faringar h\u00f6f\u00f0u vin\u00e1ttu manna \u00ed milli \u00ed miklum metum;\u00a0 hverjum manni b\u00e6ri a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0a sinn vin \u00ed leitinni a\u00f0 gle\u00f0i og hamingju.\u00a0 \u00deeir tr\u00fa\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 dau\u00f0inn v\u00e6ri endalok alls.\u00a0 Enginn skyldi \u00fe\u00f3 \u00f3ttast dau\u00f0ann, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 dau\u00f0ur hef\u00f0i ma\u00f0urinn hloti\u00f0 fri\u00f0 og lausn fr\u00e1 \u00fej\u00e1ningum.\u00a0 Heimspeki ep\u00edk\u00faringa naut l\u00edkast til mestrar hylli hj\u00e1 fyrirm\u00f6nnum r\u00f3mverska heimsveldisins.<\/p>\n Gnostar <\/strong>er heiti, sem sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar hafa nota\u00f0 um fleiri en einn tr\u00faarh\u00f3p \u00e1 annarri og \u00feri\u00f0ju \u00f6ldinni e. Kr.\u00a0 Gnosis <\/em>er gr\u00edska og \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u00feekking.\u00a0Gnostar voru \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 \u00feeir byggju yfir s\u00e9rstakri \u00feekkingu, sem v\u00e6ri jafnvel \u00f6\u00f0rum hulin.\u00a0 Margir s\u00e9rtr\u00faarflokkar, sem \u00feykja eiga heima undir samheitinu Gnostar,\u00a0tr\u00fa\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 heiminum v\u00e6ri st\u00fdrt af illum \u00f6flum (sem k\u00f6llu\u00f0 eru „archons“).\u00a0 Me\u00f0al \u00feeirra t\u00f6ldu \u00feeir vera sj\u00e1lfan Gu\u00f0 Gamla testamentisins.\u00a0\u00deessi illvilju\u00f0u \u00f6fl h\u00e9ldu \u00f6llu f\u00f3lki f\u00f6ngnu \u00ed fj\u00f6trum vanvisku og \u00fej\u00e1ninga.\u00a0 Gnostar h\u00f6llu\u00f0ust a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 Jes\u00fas hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 andavera (fremur en raunveruleg manneskja) sem hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 send \u00ed \u00feennan heim til \u00feess a\u00f0 minna mannkyni\u00f0 \u00e1 og lei\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed fyrir sj\u00f3nir, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e6tti kyn sitt a\u00f0 rekja til hins sanna Gu\u00f0s.\u00a0 Andaveran Kristur hef\u00f0i sameinast manninum Jes\u00fa fr\u00e1 sk\u00edrn hans til krossdau\u00f0ans.\u00a0 Kenningin haf\u00f0i \u00f3heillav\u00e6nleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 si\u00f0fer\u00f0i gnosta, \u00fear sem \u00fev\u00ed var haldi\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 si\u00f0abo\u00f0 Jes\u00fa hef\u00f0u einasta veri\u00f0 or\u00f0 mannsins Jes\u00fa, og t\u00f6ldu \u00feeir sig \u00f3bundna af \u00feeim. \u00a0\u00a0\u00deeir kv\u00e1\u00f0u manneskjuna saman setta af l\u00edkama, s\u00e1l og anda.\u00a0 \u00deeim, sem lif\u00f0u til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na l\u00edkamlegum hv\u00f6tum einv\u00f6r\u00f0ungu, yr\u00f0i ekki bjarga\u00f0. Tr\u00fa kristinna manna kynni a\u00f0 v\u00edsu a\u00f0 \u00e1vinna \u00feeim nokkurs konar annars flokks hj\u00e1lpr\u00e6\u00f0i, en \u00f3svikna frelsun \u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0ust \u00feeir einir, er hlytu a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0ri \u00feekkingu (gnosis) \u00e1 l\u00edfi andans og s\u00e1larinnar, \u00fear sem gu\u00f0sneistann \u00ed manninum v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 finna.\u00a0 \u00c1 fyrstu \u00f6ldum kirkjunnar keppti gnostisismi vi\u00f0 kristind\u00f3minn og var raunar s\u00f6fnu\u00f0ur \u00fatvalinna innan herb\u00fa\u00f0a kristninnar.\u00a0 Gnostar voru margir og fj\u00f6lskr\u00fa\u00f0ugir s\u00e9rtr\u00faarh\u00f3par, en sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum hefur samt tekist a\u00f0 greina \u00feau s\u00e9rkenni, sem \u00feeim voru \u00f6llum sameiginleg.<\/p>\n Keisarad\u00fdrkunin<\/strong>.\u00a0 Svo Gy\u00f0ingar sem hinir fyrstu, kristnu menn \u00e1ttu \u00ed h\u00f6ggi vi\u00f0 keisarad\u00fdrkunina \u00e1 \u00f6ldunum n\u00e6stu fyrir og eftir Krists bur\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00c1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0u \u00f6ld f. Kr. ger\u00f0i Alexander mikli Maked\u00f3n\u00edukonungur, sem lag\u00f0i undir sig mest\u00f6ll Austurl\u00f6nd n\u00e6r, kr\u00f6fu til \u00feess a\u00f0 liti\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00e1 hann sem gu\u00f0.\u00a0 Eftirmenn hans t\u00f3ku mj\u00f6g \u00ed sama streng.\u00a0 \u00deeir kr\u00f6f\u00f0ust \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feegnarnir tilb\u00e6\u00f0u sig eins og gu\u00f0i.\u00a0Einn \u00feeirra, Ant\u00edokkus IV. Ep\u00edfanes, setti upp styttu af Seifi \u00ed musterinu \u00ed Jer\u00fasalem.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 var\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 Gy\u00f0ingar, undir stj\u00f3rn Makkabea, ger\u00f0u uppreisn 168-165 f. Kr. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfar hennar endurheimtu \u00feeir musteri\u00f0 og ur\u00f0u sj\u00e1lfs s\u00edn r\u00e1\u00f0andi um skamma hr\u00ed\u00f0.<\/p>\n R\u00f3mverskir keisarar, sem t\u00f3ku Palest\u00ednu me\u00f0 hervaldi \u00e1ri 63 f. Kr.,\u00a0h\u00e9ldu \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edka fram, a\u00f0 \u00feeir v\u00e6ru gu\u00f0legrar \u00e6ttar.\u00a0 Gaius Caligula (37-41 e Kr.) vildi reisa styttu af sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r \u00ed musterinu, en t\u00f3k andv\u00f6rpin \u00e1\u00f0ur en af \u00fev\u00ed yr\u00f0i.\u00a0 Undir lok fyrstu aldar okkar t\u00edmatals fyrirskipa\u00f0i Domitian keisari, a\u00f0 hann skyldi \u00e1varpa\u00f0ur „drottinn og gu\u00f0.“ \u00cd Opinberunarb\u00f3k J\u00f3hannesar lesum vi\u00f0 um sk\u00e6kju og d\u00fdr, sem tr\u00falega eiga a\u00f0 t\u00e1kna\u00a0 r\u00f3mverska heimsveldi\u00f0 og tilbur\u00f0i \u00feess \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 veru a\u00f0 gera l\u00fd\u00f0 Gu\u00f0s a\u00f0 engu og koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 hann tilb\u00e6\u00f0i „lambi\u00f0“ (Krist), en neyddist \u00ed sta\u00f0inn til \u00feess a\u00f0 au\u00f0s\u00fdna keisaranum lotningu, svo sem Gu\u00f0 v\u00e6ri (Opb 17).<\/p>\n \u00deegar Gy\u00f0ingar og kristnir menn fluttu burt \u00far Jer\u00fasalemsborg eftir a\u00f0 musteri\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 lagt \u00ed r\u00fastir \u00e1ri\u00f0 70 e. Kr. og t\u00f3ku s\u00e9r b\u00f3lfestu \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum l\u00f6ndum r\u00f3mverska heimsveldisins, var\u00f0 fyrir \u00feeim s\u00e1 margv\u00edslegur \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0ur og \u00fdmsu heimspekikenningar, sem l\u00fdst hefur veri\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00ed lesm\u00e1linu, og fj\u00f6lmargt anna\u00f0 a\u00f0 auki.\u00a0 Miki\u00f0 af \u00feessu andlega g\u00f3ssi st\u00f3\u00f0st engan veginn samj\u00f6fnu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 gy\u00f0inglega og kristna eingy\u00f0istr\u00fa.\u00a0 Stundum henti \u00fea\u00f0 samt, s\u00f6kum \u00feessara kringumst\u00e6\u00f0na, a\u00f0 Gy\u00f0ingar og kristnir t\u00f3ku upp e\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum kosti l\u00f6gu\u00f0u a\u00f0 s\u00ednum eigin \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0i sumt af tr\u00faarhugmyndum heimamanna, sem \u00e1\u00f0ur h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00f3kunnar.\u00a0 Af sj\u00e1lfu lei\u00f0ir, a\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i gy\u00f0ingleg helgirit (Gamla testamenti\u00f0) og N\u00fdja testamenti\u00f0 hafa inni a\u00f0 halda beinar og \u00f3beinar tilv\u00edsanir \u00ed \u00feessar framandi hugmyndir. \u00dea\u00f0 eflir skilning okkar \u00e1 Bibliunni \u00ed heild, ef vi\u00f0 gerum okkur grein fyrir \u00feessu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Gu\u00f0ir n\u00e1granna\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna<\/h3>\n
N\u00f6fn Gu\u00f0s<\/h3>\n
\n\n
\n Nafn:<\/td>\n Hvar nota\u00f0?<\/td>\n Ritningarsta\u00f0ur:<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n El Eljon (Hinn h\u00e6sti Gu\u00f0)<\/td>\n Jer\u00fasalem<\/td>\n 1M\u00f3s 14:18-20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n El Olam (Hinn eil\u00edfi Gu\u00f0)<\/td>\n Beerseba<\/td>\n 1M\u00f3s 21:33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n El Berith (Gu\u00f0 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans)<\/td>\n S\u00edkem<\/td>\n D\u00f3m 9:46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n El Sjaddaj (Alm\u00e1ttugur Gu\u00f0 e\u00f0a Gu\u00f0 fjallanna)<\/td>\n Betel<\/td>\n 1M\u00f3s 17:1; 35:9-11; 2M\u00f3s 6:3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \u00d6nnur tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g utan Palest\u00ednu<\/h3>\n
Kirkja Krists \u00ed l\u00f6ndum Grikkja<\/h3>\n
Tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 Grikkja<\/h4>\n
Bibl\u00edan og \u00e1tr\u00fana\u00f0ur fornaldar\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n