Jes\u00fas f\u00e6ddist \u00ed Betlehem \u00ed J\u00fadeu \u00e1 r\u00edkis\u00e1rum \u00c1g\u00fastusar Sesars, sem kalla\u00f0i sig keisara\u00a0 fyrstur r\u00f3mverskra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0h\u00f6f\u00f0ingja.\u00a0 Um 60 \u00e1rum \u00e1\u00f0ur h\u00f6f\u00f0u R\u00f3mverjar\u00a0 r\u00e1\u00f0ist inn \u00ed Palest\u00ednu og auki\u00f0 enn \u00e1 heimsyfirr\u00e1\u00f0 s\u00edn me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leggja undir sig l\u00f6ndin vi\u00f0 Mi\u00f0jar\u00f0arhaf og handan\u00a0 \u00feess.\u00a0 \u00c1 d\u00f6gum \u00c1g\u00fastusar lutu r\u00f3mverska heimsveldinu meira en 50 millj\u00f3nir manna af \u00fdmsu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erni \u2013 fr\u00e1 Palest\u00ednu og S\u00fdrlandi a\u00f0 austanver\u00f0u til Sp\u00e1nar \u00ed vestri, a\u00f0 me\u00f0t\u00f6ldum mestallri Nor\u00f0ur-Afr\u00edku og st\u00f3rum sv\u00e6\u00f0um Evr\u00f3pu.\u00a0 R\u00f3mverjar voru meistarar skipulags og h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00f6flugan her og \u00fev\u00ed st\u00f3\u00f0 veldi \u00feeirra traustum f\u00f3tum.\u00a0 Samg\u00f6ngur og verslun milli landa g\u00e9kk grei\u00f0ar en nokkru sinni haf\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0.\u00a0 Sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar hafa hneigst a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 fri\u00f0urinn sem r\u00edkti \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed ver\u00f6ldinni undir stj\u00f3rn R\u00f3mverja og fram\u00farskarandi vegakerfi \u00feeirra hafi mj\u00f6g au\u00f0velda\u00f0 l\u00e6risveinum Jes\u00fa a\u00f0 brei\u00f0a \u00fat\u00a0 \u00feau n\u00fdju tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 sem ur\u00f0u til fyrir kenningu hans.<\/p>\n
Aldirnar s\u00ed\u00f0ustu, sem li\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1\u00f0ur en Jes\u00fas f\u00e6ddist,\u00a0 valt \u00e1 \u00fdmsu um stj\u00f3rnarfar \u00ed landinu, sem nefnt var Palest\u00edna.\u00a0 Gy\u00f0ingunum, sem veri\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00ed \u00fatleg\u00f0 \u00ed Bab\u00fdlon en sneru n\u00fa heim til J\u00fadeu, haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 leyft a\u00f0 endurbyggja borgir s\u00ednar og reisa a\u00f0 n\u00fdju musteri\u00f0 \u00ed Jer\u00fasalem, en \u00feeir voru \u00e1fram seldir undir stj\u00f3rn Persa.<\/span>\u00a0 S\u00ed\u00f0ar b\u00e1ru Grikkir, undir forystu Alexanders mikla, siguror\u00f0 af Persum og fl\u00e6mdu \u00fe\u00e1 burt \u00far Palest\u00ednu.\u00a0 Herforingjar Alexanders og ni\u00f0jar \u00feeirra stj\u00f3rnu\u00f0u landinu um langt skei\u00f0 og fluttu me\u00f0 s\u00e9r gr\u00edska (hellen\u00edska) menningu. Einn \u00feeirra, af \u00e6tt Selevk\u00edda (Ant\u00edokkus IV. Ep\u00edfanes) reyndi a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f6ngva hellenskum l\u00edfsh\u00e1ttum upp \u00e1 Gy\u00f0inga \u00ed Palest\u00ednu.\u00a0 \u00deegar hann l\u00e9t koma fyrir l\u00edkneskju af hei\u00f0nu go\u00f0i \u00ed hinu helga musteri Gy\u00f0inga \u00e1ri\u00f0 168 f. Kr., \u00e6r\u00f0ist f\u00f3lki\u00f0 og ger\u00f0i uppreisn.\u00a0 Undir forystu J\u00fadasar Makkabeusar vann gy\u00f0inga\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in sigur \u00e1 Selevk\u00eddum,\u00a0 n\u00e1\u00f0i musterinu aftur \u00e1 sitt vald og setti \u00e1 laggirnar eigin landstj\u00f3rn.<\/p>\n \u00cd n\u00e6r heila \u00f6ld\u00a0 r\u00e9\u00f0i gy\u00f0inga\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0in s\u00e9r sj\u00e1lf \u00ed landi s\u00ednu og h\u00e9ldu \u00e6ttmenni J\u00fadasar Makkabeusar um stj\u00f3rnartaumana\u00a0 og ur\u00f0u konungar og prestar \u00ed \u00cdsrael (Hasm\u00f3near). \u00de\u00f3 t\u00f6ldu \u00fdmsir a\u00f0 ofsi og \u00f3jafna\u00f0ur h\u00f6f\u00f0ingja Hasm\u00f3nea v\u00e6ri s\u00edst minni en \u00fatlendu k\u00f3nganna sem veri\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1 undan \u00feeim og \u00fe\u00f3tti hart undir a\u00f0 b\u00faa.\u00a0 Af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum kusu Gy\u00f0ingar a\u00f0 bera ekki h\u00f6nd fyrir h\u00f6fu\u00f0 s\u00e9r,\u00a0 \u00feegar R\u00f3mverjar hern\u00e1mu landi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 63 f. Kr.<\/p>\n \u00c1 \u00fev\u00ed tveggja alda bili, er n\u00fa lei\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur en Jes\u00fas var \u00ed heiminn borinn, spruttu upp s\u00e9rtr\u00faarflokkar me\u00f0al Gy\u00f0inga og s\u00fdndist sitt hverjum um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig t\u00falka skyldi ritningarnar og ekki ur\u00f0u menn heldur \u00e1 eitt s\u00e1ttir um farna\u00f0 sinn \u00feessa heims e\u00f0a afdrif annars l\u00edfs; \u00ed sem stystu m\u00e1li:\u00a0 hvernig lifa b\u00e6ri jar\u00f0l\u00edfinu \u00ed samhlj\u00f3\u00f0an vi\u00f0 tr\u00fana.\u00a0 \u00deessir flokkar og \u00e1greiningurinn \u00feeirra \u00ed milli birtast \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0um N\u00fdja testamentisins og ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9rstaklega s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed \u00feessari grein.<\/p>\n \u00de\u00f3tt margar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir, hver me\u00f0 s\u00edna menningarh\u00e6tti, l\u00e9tu s\u00edn geti\u00f0 \u00ed Palest\u00ednu \u00e1 d\u00f6gum Jes\u00fa, kva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 langmest a\u00f0\u00a0R\u00f3mverjum.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00deeir st\u00fdr\u00f0u landinu me\u00f0 atbeina vel \u00fej\u00e1lfa\u00f0ra herja.\u00a0Keisarinn \u00ed R\u00f3m skipa\u00f0i landstj\u00f3ra (pr\u00f3k\u00farator) yfir Palest\u00ednu og haf\u00f0i s\u00e1 umsj\u00f3n me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feegnarnir greiddu skatta og skyldur og \u00e1tti l\u00edka a\u00f0 afst\u00fdra \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0urinn ger\u00f0i uppreisn gegn r\u00f3mversku stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldunum.\u00a0 R\u00f3mverjar l\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00feung skattgj\u00f6ld \u00e1 landeignir, matv\u00e6li og anna\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem g\u00e9kk kaupum og s\u00f6lum, og ennfremur \u00e1 erf\u00f0ag\u00f3ss.\u00a0 \u00deeir innheimtu l\u00edka tolla af \u00feeim er \u00e1ttu lei\u00f0 um yfirr\u00e1\u00f0asv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00a0 \u00feeirra.\u00a0 F\u00e9nu var vari\u00f0 til uppihalds hernum og til \u00feess a\u00f0 treysta v\u00f6ld R\u00f3mverja \u00ed landinu.\u00a0 \u00deessi fj\u00e1rheimta lag\u00f0ist \u00feyngst \u00e1 b\u00e6ndur og \u00fe\u00e1, sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u minna handa \u00e1 milli.<\/p>\n R\u00f3mverjar r\u00e9\u00f0u innlenda menn til \u00feess a\u00f0 heimta skatta.\u00a0\u00deessir innheimtumenn (tollheimtumenn) kr\u00f6f\u00f0ust oft h\u00e6rri fj\u00e1rh\u00e6\u00f0ar en \u00feeirrar, sem \u00feeim bar a\u00f0 skila h\u00fasb\u00e6ndum s\u00ednum.\u00a0Sj\u00e1lfir h\u00e9ldu \u00feeir eftir mismuninum.\u00a0Gy\u00f0ingum gramdist \u00feessi h\u00e1ttsemi landa sinna.\u00a0 Tr\u00faarlei\u00f0togar Gy\u00f0inga k\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed tollheimtumenn svikara.\u00a0 \u00ddmsir t\u00f6ldu \u00fe\u00e1 brotlega og vildu gera \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 hornrekum \u00ed mannf\u00e9laginu og meina \u00feeim a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed gu\u00f0s\u00fej\u00f3nustunni.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00deegar Jes\u00fas settist til bor\u00f0s me\u00f0 tollheimtum\u00f6nnum og undi s\u00e9r m\u00e6tavel \u00ed f\u00e9lagsskap \u00feeirra (L\u00fakas 5:27-32; 19:1-10), m\u00f3\u00f0ga\u00f0i hann \u00fe\u00e1 sem ekkert vildu af \u00feeim vita.<\/p>\n R\u00f3mverjar umb\u00e1ru jafnan l\u00f6g og si\u00f0i \u00feeirra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a sem \u00feeir l\u00f6g\u00f0u undir sig.\u00a0\u00deeir leyf\u00f0u heimam\u00f6nnum a\u00f0 sitja \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0um er h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1 hendi innanlandsm\u00e1l. \u00cd J\u00fadeu var \u00feetta stj\u00f3rnarr\u00e1\u00f0 (Sanhedrin) skipa\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0staprestinum og heldri klerkum, auk st\u00f6ndugra stu\u00f0ningsmanna r\u00f3mversku stj\u00f3rnarinnar.\u00a0 Seta \u00feeirra \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0inu ger\u00f0i jafnvel a\u00f0 auka enn \u00e1 au\u00f0\u00e6vi \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n R\u00f3mverjar studdu til valda leppk\u00f3nga a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed skattl\u00f6ndum s\u00ednum.\u00a0 \u00deessir k\u00f3ngar og landstj\u00f3rar g\u00e1fu sk\u00fdrslur \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0inu \u00ed R\u00f3m og sendim\u00f6nnum keisarans.\u00a0 \u00c1ri\u00f0 37 f. Kr. var Her\u00f3des mikli skipa\u00f0ur konungur \u00ed Palest\u00ednu af \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 fa\u00f0ir hans haf\u00f0i hj\u00e1lpar\u00f0 R\u00f3mverjum a\u00f0 hrifsa til s\u00edn v\u00f6ldin \u00ed landinu.\u00a0 Her\u00f3des sat \u00ed h\u00e1s\u00e6tinu \u00feanga\u00f0 til \u00e1ri\u00f0 4 f. Kr. og beitti s\u00e9r fyrir endurbyggingu musterisins \u00ed Jer\u00fasalem. \u00c1 d\u00f6gum Jes\u00fa la\u00f0a\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lda tilbi\u00f0jandi gesta hva\u00f0an\u00e6va \u00far heimsveldinu.<\/p>\n Ytri forgar\u00f0ur musterisins, kalla\u00f0ur forgar\u00f0ur hei\u00f0ingjanna, var \u00e6tla\u00f0ur \u00feeim sem ekki voru Gy\u00f0ingar (hei\u00f0ingjar) en f\u00fdsti samt a\u00f0 l\u00edta augum fagra og tilkomumikla bygginguna.\u00a0 \u00deeir g\u00e1tu l\u00edka fylgst me\u00f0 prestunum f\u00e6ra f\u00f3rnir.\u00a0 Prestarnir voru \u00e1litnir me\u00f0algangarar milli Gu\u00f0s og \u00feeirra, er voru gy\u00f0ingatr\u00faar.\u00a0\u00c6\u00f0sti presturinn var yfirma\u00f0ur musterisins.\u00a0 R\u00f3mversku stj\u00f3rnarherrarnir v\u00f6ldu\u00f0u hann og v\u00f6r\u00f0u \u00ed emb\u00e6tti s\u00ednu.\u00a0 F\u00f3rnargjafir, er f\u00e6r\u00f0ar voru musterinu, voru helsta tekjulind \u00cdsraels\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar.<\/p>\n \u00deegar Her\u00f3des var allur, \u00fatnefndu R\u00f3mverjar syni hans \u00ferj\u00e1 til \u00feess a\u00f0 fara me\u00f0 landstj\u00f3rn\u00a0 \u00ed Gal\u00edleu og Pereu, landinu handan vi\u00f0 \u00e1na J\u00f3rdan. \u00a0\u00c1 stj\u00f3rnar\u00e1rum \u00feeirra f\u00f3ru v\u00f6ld og au\u00f0ur prestanna og me\u00f0haldsmanna \u00feeirra \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0inu \u00f6rt vaxandi. \u00de\u00f3tt J\u00f3hannes sk\u00edrari og Jes\u00fas f\u00e6ddust b\u00e1\u00f0ir \u00e1 valdat\u00edma Her\u00f3desar mikla, var sonur hans, Her\u00f3des Ant\u00edpas, tekinn vi\u00f0 \u00feegar \u00feeir fr\u00e6ndur voru leiddir fyrir d\u00f3m.\u00a0Og \u00fea\u00f0 var Her\u00f3des Ant\u00edpas sem fyrirskipa\u00f0i aft\u00f6ku J\u00f3hannesar (Matt. 4:1-12). Vi\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarh\u00f6ldin yfir Jes\u00fa sendi landstj\u00f3rinn hann til Her\u00f3desar Ant\u00edpasar af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Jes\u00fas var Gal\u00edleuma\u00f0ur og heyr\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed undir \u00feann Her\u00f3desinn.\u00a0Yfirleitt vildu r\u00f3mversku landstj\u00f3rarnir ekkert skipta s\u00e9r af erjum og \u00e1greiningsefnum heimamanna. \u00dev\u00ed var \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 P\u00edlatus d\u00e6mdi Jes\u00fa \u00fe\u00e1 fyrst til dau\u00f0a \u00feegar lei\u00f0togar l\u00fd\u00f0sins ger\u00f0u sig l\u00edklega til \u00feess a\u00f0 stofna til upp\u00feots og t\u00f6ldu honum tr\u00fa um a\u00f0 Jes\u00fas seg\u00f0ist vera konungur Gy\u00f0inga. \u00dear me\u00f0 risi Jes\u00fas gegn valdh\u00f6funum og v\u00e6ri \u00fev\u00ed dau\u00f0asekur a\u00f0 r\u00f3mverskum l\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n Str\u00f6ng st\u00e9ttaskipting var vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0i \u00ed R\u00f3m og reis \u00e1 au\u00f0i, \u00e6tt og borgarar\u00e9tti.\u00a0H\u00e6st tr\u00f3na\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfur keisarinn og var kalla\u00f0 a\u00f0 hann v\u00e6ri „fyrsti borgari“.\u00a0 Sumir keisaranna gengu svo langt a\u00f0 telja sig hvorki meira n\u00e9 minna en go\u00f0uml\u00edkar verur, jafnvel gu\u00f0i.\u00a0 N\u00e6st keisaranum komu sex hundru\u00f0 \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0smenn og voru \u00feeir \u00a0flestum lo\u00f0nari um l\u00f3fana.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 var s\u00e6gur svonefndra a\u00f0alsmanna er komist h\u00f6f\u00f0u nokku\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1lnir.\u00a0 \u00deeir voru vel mennta\u00f0ir og oft kvaddir til \u00feess a\u00f0 starfa a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rn heimsveldisins.\u00a0 Sk\u00f6r ne\u00f0ar voru settir efnamenn, kalla\u00f0ir „hei\u00f0ursmenn“, og s\u00e1tu \u00ed borgarr\u00e1\u00f0um.\u00a0 F\u00f3lk af h\u00e1st\u00e9ttum R\u00f3mar bj\u00f3st vi\u00f0hafnarkl\u00e6\u00f0um hversdags og f\u00e9kk bestu s\u00e6tin vi\u00f0 merkisatbur\u00f0i.<\/p>\n \u00c1 milli \u00feessara oddborgara og \u00f3breytts, vinnandi f\u00f3lks var regindj\u00fap sta\u00f0fest.\u00a0 En einnig \u00fea\u00f0 skiptist \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed deildir.\u00a0 Fyrstir komu \u00feeir, sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fer\u00f6ngt um hendur, en nutu \u00fe\u00f3 r\u00f3mversks borgarar\u00e9ttar.\u00a0Raunar bj\u00f3 a\u00f0eins l\u00edtill minnihluti \u00feegnanna vi\u00f0 \u00feau hlunnindi. En \u00feeir voru frj\u00e1lsir og r\u00e9ttindi \u00feeirra l\u00f6gvarin.\u00a0P\u00e1ll postuli haf\u00f0i r\u00f3mverskan \u00feegnr\u00e9tt og f\u00e9kk \u00fearaflei\u00f0andi a\u00f0 koma fyrir d\u00f3m \u00ed R\u00f3maborg\u00a0 (Post. 16:37; 22:27).\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 haf\u00f0i Jes\u00fas aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti ekki og \u00fev\u00ed gat r\u00f3mverski landstj\u00f3rinn Pont\u00edus P\u00edlatus d\u00e6mt hann til dau\u00f0a \u00e1n r\u00e9ttarhalda a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n Fyrir ne\u00f0an \u00feennan manns\u00f6fnu\u00f0 var settur gr\u00ed\u00f0arfj\u00f6lmennur h\u00f3pur f\u00f3lks, sem a\u00f0 v\u00edsu h\u00e9t a\u00f0 v\u00e6ri frj\u00e1lst,\u00a0 en var \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0nj\u00f3tandi fr\u00ed\u00f0inda r\u00f3mverskra borgara, haf\u00f0i tila\u00f0mynda ekki kosningar\u00e9tt.\u00a0 \u00c1 botninum \u00ed \u00feessum p\u00fdram\u00edda mannvir\u00f0inga voru svo \u00fer\u00e6larnir.\u00a0 \u00deeir gengu kaupum og s\u00f6lum og voru bar\u00f0ir og pynda\u00f0ir af eigendum s\u00ednum.\u00a0 \u00deeir unnu einkum a\u00f0 b\u00fast\u00f6rfum hj\u00e1 \u00feeim r\u00edku, b\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir innan stokk og utan.\u00a0 \u00c1 d\u00f6gum Jes\u00fa voru \u00fer\u00e6lar n\u00e1l\u00e6gt \u00feri\u00f0jungi\u00a0 alls f\u00f3lks \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu.\u00a0 \u00der\u00e6lahald taldist \u00fev\u00ed til vi\u00f0urkenndra og almennra l\u00edfsh\u00e1tta \u00ed r\u00f3mverska heimsveldinu vi\u00f0 upphaf aldatals okkar.\u00a0 Um \u00feetta m\u00e1 lesa n\u00e1nar \u00ed greininni\u00a0\u00der\u00e6lar og \u00fej\u00f3nustuf\u00f3lk \u00e1 d\u00f6gum Jes\u00fa<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n Svo sem a\u00f0 ofan gat leyf\u00f0u R\u00f3mverjar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um heimsveldisins a\u00f0 hafa eigin landstj\u00f3rnir.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e6r skipu\u00f0u yfirleitt fj\u00e1\u00f0ir menn og valdamiklir fyrir.\u00a0 \u00deeir s\u00f6mdu l\u00f6gin og \u00fevingu\u00f0u \u00feegnana til \u00feess a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a \u00feeim.\u00a0 \u00cd r\u00e1\u00f0inu \u00ed Jer\u00fasalem s\u00e1tu \u00e6\u00f0stuprestarnir og au\u00f0mennirnir sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u teki\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum saman vi\u00f0 r\u00f3mversku stj\u00f3rnendurna.\u00a0 R\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00e9t „synedrion“ \u00e1 gr\u00edsku.\u00a0 \u00deegar R\u00f3mverjar h\u00f6f\u00f0u lagt musteri\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00fast \u00e1ri\u00f0 70 e. Kr. t\u00f3ku Gy\u00f0ingar a\u00f0 stafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 upp \u00e1 hebresku (sanhedrin) af tillitssemi vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 sem t\u00f3ku vi\u00f0 af prestunum sem stj\u00f3rnendur og l\u00f6ggjafar Gy\u00f0inga \u00ed Jer\u00fasalem.\u00a0\u00deeir hinir s\u00f6mu f\u00f3ru a\u00f0 skrifa upp \u00fatlistanir \u00e1 M\u00f3sel\u00f6gum og fyrirm\u00e6li um \u00fea\u00f0 hversu \u00feeim skyldi beitt.\u00a0 \u00deessi sk\u00fdringas\u00f6fn ganga n\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum undir n\u00f6fnunum „Mishnah“ og „Talm\u00fad.“<\/p>\n Gy\u00f0ingum bar ekki \u00f6llum saman um hva\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 f\u00e6li \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 vera l\u00fd\u00f0ur Gu\u00f0s. H\u00e9r fylgir stutt yfirlit um helstu tr\u00faarflokka og vi\u00f0horf \u00feeirra til l\u00f6gm\u00e1ls M\u00f3se.<\/p>\n Sel\u00f3tar.<\/strong>\u00a0 Svo sem fyrr sag\u00f0i vildu Makkabear a\u00f0 Gy\u00f0ingar hef\u00f0u sinn eigin konung.\u00a0 \u00deeir ur\u00f0u undir \u00feegar R\u00f3mverjar hern\u00e1mu landi\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 63 f. Kr.\u00a0\u00a0Tilraunir Gy\u00f0inga til \u00feess a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a frj\u00e1lsir \u00e1 n\u00fd og koma \u00e1 f\u00f3t sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0u r\u00edki mist\u00f3kust \u00e1ri\u00f0 70 e. Kr. og aftur \u00e1ri\u00f0 135 e. Kr.\u00a0 \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0ernissinna\u00f0ir Gy\u00f0ingar sem reyndu a\u00f0 r\u00edsa gegn\u00a0 R\u00f3mverjum nefndust Sel\u00f3tar.\u00a0 Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn eru ekki \u00e1 einu m\u00e1li um \u00fea\u00f0, hvort s\u00fa nafngift \u00e1 vi\u00f0 einn \u00e1kve\u00f0inn flokk e\u00f0a fleiri h\u00f3pa \u00f3\u00e1n\u00e6g\u00f0ra Gy\u00f0inga, sem vildu af me\u00f0 R\u00f3mverja.\u00a0 Or\u00f0i\u00f0 Sel\u00f3ti \u00fe\u00fdddi l\u00edka \u00e1 t\u00edmabili „s\u00e1 sem heldur s\u00e9r fast vi\u00f0 Drottin og l\u00f6gm\u00e1l hans“.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 merkir eiginlega „hinn \u00e1kafi“.\u00a0 \u00cd N\u00fdja testamentinu er \u00fea\u00f0 nota\u00f0 um einn af me\u00f0haldsm\u00f6nnum Jes\u00fa (L\u00fakas 6:15;\u00a0 Post. 1:13).<\/p>\n Far\u00edsear.<\/strong>\u00a0 Um \u00fea\u00f0 leyti sem Jes\u00fas var \u00ed heiminn borinn var algengt a\u00f0 Gy\u00f0ingar k\u00e6mu saman \u00ed heimah\u00fasum til \u00feess a\u00f0 bi\u00f0jast fyrir og rannsaka ritningarnar.\u00a0 \u00deessi si\u00f0ur \u00e1tti uppt\u00f6k s\u00edn \u00e1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0ri 2. \u00f6ld f. Kr. og h\u00e9lst \u00e1 1. \u00f6ldinni e. Kr.\u00a0 Einn sl\u00edkur h\u00f3pur manna \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a mj\u00f6g mikilsh\u00e1ttar \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi Gy\u00f0inga.\u00a0 \u00deeir k\u00f6llu\u00f0u sig far\u00edsea \u00e1 hebresku, sem merkir „hinir a\u00f0skildu“.\u00a0 \u00deeir vildu var\u00f0veita og endurn\u00fdja gy\u00f0ingd\u00f3minn me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 koma \u00f6llum Gy\u00f0ingum til \u00feess a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a hv\u00edldardagshelgina fullkomlega, og halda jafnframt reglur um f\u00f6stu, matv\u00e6li og hreinsunarsi\u00f0i.\u00a0 Flestir far\u00edsear stundu\u00f0u \u00fe\u00f3 almenn st\u00f6rf og gengu \u00f3hindra\u00f0 um g\u00e1ttir \u00ed menningarheimi R\u00f3mverja.\u00a0 En fundirnir, \u00fear sem \u00feeir einir komu saman, og skilyr\u00f0islaus hl\u00fd\u00f0ni \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 bo\u00f0or\u00f0i\u00f0 um a\u00f0 hv\u00edlast sj\u00f6unda dag vikunnar, greindu \u00fe\u00e1 fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum m\u00f6nnum.\u00a0 \u00deannig efldist me\u00f0 \u00feeim sk\u00fdr me\u00f0vitund um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera flokkur, er ekki f\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u00f6llu leyti a\u00f0 si\u00f0um annarra.\u00a0 Far\u00edsear bjuggu einnig \u00ed borgum utan Palest\u00ednu.\u00a0 P\u00e1ll postuli, sem var fr\u00e1 Tarsus \u00ed su\u00f0austur-hluta Litlu-As\u00edu, kva\u00f0st hafa veri\u00f0 vandl\u00e1tur far\u00edsei og g\u00e6tt \u00feess a\u00f0 halda l\u00f6gm\u00e1li\u00f0 til hins \u00fdtrasta (Fil. 3:5).<\/p>\n Far\u00edsear pr\u00e9diku\u00f0u l\u00f6gm\u00e1l M\u00f3se, en auk \u00feess erfikenningu forfe\u00f0ranna, \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00fdmis l\u00f6g og reglur, sem ekki er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed helgum ritningum.\u00a0 \u00deessi fyrirm\u00e6li og \u00fatsk\u00fdringar \u00e1 \u00feeim er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed Mishna og Talm\u00fad.\u00a0\u00a0 Far\u00edsear \u00e1ttu vins\u00e6ldum a\u00f0 fagna me\u00f0al al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0u manna og \u00feeir komu \u00e1 f\u00f3t samkunduh\u00fasum og sk\u00f3lum.\u00a0 \u00d6fugt vi\u00f0 suma a\u00f0ra flokka Gy\u00f0inga tr\u00fa\u00f0u \u00feeir \u00e1 l\u00edf eftir dau\u00f0ann (upprisu) og t\u00f6ldu a\u00f0 m\u00f6nnum yr\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 goldi\u00f0 eftir misgj\u00f6r\u00f0um og\u00a0 umbuna\u00f0 fyrir dygg\u00f0ugt l\u00edferni (sj\u00e1 Post. 23:6).<\/p>\n Sadd\u00fakear.<\/strong>\u00a0 Vera kann a\u00f0 megi rekja heiti \u00feeirra til Zadoks, \u00e6\u00f0staprests \u00ed \u00cdsrael \u00e1 d\u00f6gum Dav\u00ed\u00f0s konungs.\u00a0 L\u00edka er hugsanlegt, a\u00f0 Sadd\u00fakear hafi veri\u00f0 ni\u00f0jar Zad\u00f3k\u00edta, en svo nefndust \u00e6\u00f0stuprestar sem lengi h\u00f6f\u00f0u r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 l\u00f6gum og lofum \u00ed musterinu e\u00f0a allt til annarrar aldar f. Kr., \u00feegar fyrsti \u00e6\u00f0stipresturinn af \u00e6tt Makkabea, J\u00f3natan, st\u00f6kkti \u00feeim \u00e1 brott.\u00a0Sadd\u00fakear h\u00f6llu\u00f0u s\u00e9r a\u00f0 presta-\u00e6ttunum og l\u00e9tu eftir megni til s\u00edn taka \u00ed musterinu. \u00deeir ur\u00f0u samverkamenn R\u00f3mverja \u00feegar \u00feeir hert\u00f3ku Palest\u00ednu.\u00a0 Gagnst\u00e6tt far\u00edseum vildu sadd\u00fakear ekkert me\u00f0 t\u00falkun l\u00f6gm\u00e1lsins hafa, heldur kusu \u00feeir a\u00f0 lesa \u00fea\u00f0 hreint og \u00f3menga\u00f0.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00deeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u ekki heldur tr\u00fa \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 dau\u00f0ir v\u00e6ru reistir upp til l\u00edfs \u00e1 n\u00fd (Mark. 12:18;\u00a0Post. 23:8).\u00a0 Sadd\u00fakear v\u00e6ntu \u00feess a\u00f0 sitja \u00e1fram a\u00f0 au\u00f0i og v\u00f6ldum me\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 sinni svo lengi sem \u00feeir hl\u00fdddu helstu fyrirm\u00e6lum l\u00f6gm\u00e1lsins og f\u00e9llu ekki \u00far n\u00e1\u00f0inni hj\u00e1 R\u00f3mverjum.\u00a0 Flokkur \u00feeirra \u00feurrka\u00f0ist \u00fat eftir a\u00f0 uppreisn Gy\u00f0inga var\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 musteri\u00f0 var ey\u00f0ilagt \u00e1ri\u00f0 70 e. Kr.<\/p>\n Essenar<\/strong>.\u00a0 Tr\u00faarh\u00f3pur Essena hefur sennilega or\u00f0i\u00f0 til um l\u00edkt leyti og flokkur Sadd\u00fakea.\u00a0 \u00deeir ger\u00f0u enga tilraun til \u00feess a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a r\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00ed tr\u00fam\u00e1lum e\u00f0a innan prestast\u00e9ttar \u00cdsraels. \u00deess \u00ed sta\u00f0 h\u00f6fnu\u00f0u \u00feeir mannf\u00e9lagi gy\u00f0inga, ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0u ritningarnar \u00e1 leynifundum og sk\u00fdr\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e6r \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsi en a\u00f0rir.\u00a0Essenum var \u00fev\u00ed mj\u00f6g uppsiga\u00f0 vi\u00f0 prestana og a\u00f0ra lei\u00f0toga \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar.\u00a0 En eins og far\u00edsear tr\u00fa\u00f0u \u00feeir \u00e1 l\u00edf a\u00f0 loknu \u00feessu.\u00a0Essenar bjuggu vi\u00f0 gr\u00ed\u00f0arlega reglufestu.\u00a0 Hver h\u00f3pur \u00feeirra haf\u00f0i yfir s\u00e9r foringja\u00a0sem \u00e1kva\u00f0 hverjir v\u00e6ru t\u00e6kir \u00ed flokkinn.\u00a0 \u00deessi fork\u00f3lfur sag\u00f0i l\u00edka fyrir um hversu skipta skyldi fasteignum og lausf\u00e9 \u00e1 milli f\u00e9laganna og kva\u00f0 upp \u00farskur\u00f0i ef risu greinir me\u00f0 m\u00f6nnum um merkingu l\u00f6gm\u00e1lsins.\u00a0Sumir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn hafa fyrir satt a\u00f0 br\u00e6\u00f0ralagi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Dau\u00f0ahafi\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 Essenar.\u00a0 Hva\u00f0 sem um \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00e1 eru sko\u00f0anir Essena til vitnis um \u00fea\u00f0 hve mj\u00f6g Gy\u00f0ingar margir voru \u00f3s\u00e1ttir vi\u00f0 tr\u00faarlei\u00f0toga s\u00edna.\u00a0 Br\u00e6\u00f0urnir \u00ed fjalllendinu vi\u00f0 Dau\u00f0ahafi\u00f0 bjuggu fjarri \u00f6\u00f0ru f\u00f3lki og sneru baki vi\u00f0 mannf\u00e9lagi Gy\u00f0inga.\u00a0 \u00c1ri\u00f0 66 e. Kr. \u00feramma\u00f0i r\u00f3mverski herinn inn \u00ed landi\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0va upphlaup heimamanna og lag\u00f0i um lei\u00f0 byggingarnar vi\u00f0 Dau\u00f0ahafi\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00fast.<\/p>\n Fr\u00e6\u00f0imennirnir.<\/strong>\u00a0 Gy\u00f0ingar, sem r\u00e1\u00f0nir voru af R\u00f3mverjum til \u00feess a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0a vi\u00f0 landstj\u00f3rnina, voru kalla\u00f0ir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn.\u00a0 \u00deeir voru l\u00e6sir og skrifandi \u00feegar margir voru \u00e1n \u00feeirrar kunn\u00e1ttu.\u00a0 \u00deeir voru \u00fev\u00ed\u00a0 gagnlegir r\u00e1\u00f0am\u00f6nnum. \u00cd ritningum Gy\u00f0inga (Gamla testamenti) m\u00e1 lesa, a\u00f0 \u00feeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u heimild til \u00feess a\u00f0 semja l\u00f6ggerninga.\u00a0 \u00deessir emb\u00e6ttismenn voru skjalaver\u00f0ir stj\u00f3rnvalda (2. Kon. 18:18).\u00a0L\u00edkt og Bar\u00fak, ritari Jererm\u00eda sp\u00e1manns, skrifu\u00f0u \u00feeir upp \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feeim var lesi\u00f0 fyrir og fluttu\u00a0 s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed heyranda hlj\u00f3\u00f0i (Jer. 36:4-18).\u00a0 \u00deeir voru og r\u00edkisritarar og f\u00e9hir\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n \u00cd N\u00fdja testamenti eru fr\u00e6\u00f0imennirnir l\u00f6gmenn (L\u00fakas 5:17) og d\u00f3marar (Matt. 23:2).\u00a0 \u00cd krafti l\u00e6rd\u00f3ms s\u00edns g\u00e1tu \u00feeir \u00feess vegna t\u00falka\u00f0 landsl\u00f6g og stundum deildu \u00feeir vi\u00f0 Jes\u00fa um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig skilja b\u00e6ri l\u00f6gm\u00e1l Gy\u00f0inga (Matt. 9:3; 15:1; Mark. 2:16; 7:1-2; L\u00fakas 5:30; 6:7).\u00a0 Fr\u00e6\u00f0imennirnir voru ekki sama og far\u00edsear, en b\u00e6\u00f0i far\u00edsear og \u00e6\u00f0stuprestar keyptu af \u00feeim l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ia\u00f0sto\u00f0.\u00a0 Fr\u00e6\u00f0imennirnir t\u00f6ldu Jes\u00fa \u00f3gna \u00feeim l\u00f6gum og reglum\u00a0 r\u00f3mversks mannf\u00e9lags, sem \u00feeim bar a\u00f0 halda uppi hverjum \u00e1 s\u00ednum sta\u00f0.<\/p>\n Samverjar.<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00cd N\u00fdja testamenti lesum vi\u00f0 \u00e1 nokkrum st\u00f6\u00f0um um Samverja.\u00a0 \u00deeir voru komnir af \u00feeim t\u00edu \u00e6ttkv\u00edslum\u00a0 \u00cdsraelsmanna sem risu gegn\u00a0 Rehabeam, syni Sal\u00f3mons konungs, og settu \u00e1 laggirnar s\u00e9r\u00a0 konungsr\u00edki, sem kalla\u00f0 var \u00cdsrael e\u00f0a Nor\u00f0urr\u00edki\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00deeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u l\u00edka musteri \u00fat af fyrir sig \u00e1 fjallinu Gar\u00eds\u00edm n\u00e1l\u00e6gt S\u00edkem-\u00feorpi, og eigin prestast\u00e9tt.\u00a0 \u00deeir virtu hv\u00edldardagshelgina \u00fat \u00ed \u00e6sar og sta\u00f0h\u00e6f\u00f0u a\u00f0 fjalli\u00f0 \u00feeirra helga, Gar\u00eds\u00edm, v\u00e6ru miklu merkilegra en S\u00edonarfjall, \u00fear sem musteri\u00f0 \u00ed Jer\u00fasalem st\u00f3\u00f0.\u00a0 Gy\u00f0ingar h\u00f6f\u00f0u and\u00fa\u00f0 \u00e1 Samverjum og \u00e1litu \u00fe\u00e1 ekki tilheyra Gu\u00f0s \u00fatv\u00f6ldu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0.\u00a0\u00a0H\u00f6fundar gu\u00f0s\u00f0pjallanna kunna aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 segja, a\u00f0 Jes\u00fa hafi ge\u00f0jast vel a\u00f0 \u00feeim (L\u00fakas 17:11-19; J\u00f3h. 4:3-9), og \u00feegar hann \u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0i fyrir s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingi \u00ed M\u00f3se-l\u00f6gm\u00e1li hvernig g\u00f3\u00f0vilja\u00f0ur og hj\u00e1lpsamur ma\u00f0ur k\u00e6mi fyrir af skepnunni, t\u00f3k hann d\u00e6mi af Samverja (L\u00fakas 10:25-37).<\/p>\n Fyrir \u00feessum sundur\u00feykka almenningi reyndi Jes\u00fas a\u00f0 pr\u00e9dika fagna\u00f0arerindi\u00f0 um Gu\u00f0s r\u00edki.\u00a0 \u00deegar hann st\u00f3\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feeim snau\u00f0u og blanda\u00f0i f\u00faslega ge\u00f0i vi\u00f0 tollheimtumenn, Samverja og sk\u00e6kjur, \u00fe\u00e1 misbau\u00f0 hann lei\u00f0togum safna\u00f0anna.\u00a0 Af \u00fev\u00ed spruttu deilur og fjandskapur milli tr\u00faflokkanna, sem lesa m\u00e1 um \u00ed N\u00fdja testamenti, a\u00f0 hver einn vissi \u00e6vinlega betur en hinir hverjir teldust fallnir til Gu\u00f0s l\u00fd\u00f0s og hverjir l\u00edtt.\u00a0 R\u00f3mverjar r\u00e9\u00f0u fyrir Palest\u00ednu en h\u00f6f\u00f0u engan \u00e1huga \u00e1 \u00feessum n\u00faningi \u00f6llum.\u00a0 \u00deeir skiptu s\u00e9r ekki af honum, nema \u00feegar h\u00e6tta var \u00e1 a\u00f0 leiddi til uppreisnar gegn R\u00f3marvaldinu.<\/p>\n Bibl\u00edan getur um margskyns l\u00edfsh\u00e6tti f\u00f3lks og si\u00f0u.\u00a0Fr\u00e1 d\u00f6gum Abrahams og \u00feanga\u00f0 til kirkjan var\u00f0 til li\u00f0u um tv\u00f6 \u00fe\u00fasund \u00e1r.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 f\u00f3r eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvar menn bjuggu hvernig \u00feeir s\u00e1u s\u00e9r farbor\u00f0a.\u00a0 Sumir voru hir\u00f0ingjar, reiku\u00f0u um margir saman me\u00f0 hjar\u00f0ir sau\u00f0fj\u00e1r og geita, g\u00e6ttu \u00feessa penings og h\u00e9ldu honum til beitar \u00fear sem voru hagar.\u00a0 A\u00f0rir s\u00e1tu um kyrrt \u00fear sem \u00feeir voru komnir, yrktu j\u00f6r\u00f0ina ellegar s\u00e1u \u00fe\u00e9ttb\u00fdlinu fyrir nau\u00f0\u00feurftum.\u00a0\u00a0 Mest\u00f6ll s\u00fa i\u00f0ja sem getur \u00ed \u00feessari grein var enn vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0i \u00ed Palst\u00ednu \u00e1 jar\u00f0vistard\u00f6gum Jes\u00fa, allt\u00e9nt hj\u00e1 nokkru af f\u00f3lkinu.<\/p>\n \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0um Bibl\u00edunnar er nefndur margur starfi er menn hafa haft me\u00f0 h\u00f6ndum a\u00f0 fornu og n\u00fdju.\u00a0 Ber \u00fear fyrst a\u00f0 telja landb\u00fana\u00f0 og kvikfj\u00e1rr\u00e6kt. Genesis (1. M\u00f3seb\u00f3k) segir fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sonur Adams og Evu hafi veri\u00f0 hjar\u00f0ma\u00f0ur og br\u00f3\u00f0ir hans jar\u00f0yrkjuma\u00f0ur.\u00a0 Elstu forfe\u00f0ur \u00cdsraels\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar, eins og t.d. Abraham og Sara, fl\u00f6ktu \u00far einum bithaga \u00ed annan og h\u00f6f\u00f0u vi\u00f0urv\u00e6ri af b\u00fasmala s\u00ednum (Gen. 13:1-3). \u00dea\u00f0 er til vitnisbur\u00f0ar um\u00a0hve miklu \u00feessar atvinnugreinar skiptu, a\u00f0 \u00ed 1., 2. og 11. kap\u00edtula Leviticusar (3. M\u00f3seb\u00f3kar) eru s\u00e9rst\u00f6k fyrirm\u00e6li um d\u00fdraf\u00f3rnir, kornf\u00f3rnir og f\u00e6\u00f0slu.<\/p>\n Kynsl\u00f3\u00f0um saman g\u00e6ttu\u00a0 \u00cdsraelsmenn sau\u00f0a og geita.\u00a0 \u00cd \u00f6ndver\u00f0u voru \u00feessir fj\u00e1rmenn umreikandi hir\u00f0ingjar er sl\u00f3gu upp tj\u00f6ldum \u00ed \u00e1ningarsta\u00f0 og \u00e1ttu varla f\u00f3\u00f0ur undir fat.\u00a0 \u00deeir f\u00f3ru \u00far einum verusta\u00f0 \u00ed annan \u00ed leit a\u00f0 haglendi og vatnsb\u00f3lum.\u00a0 \u00deeir lif\u00f0u \u00e1 kj\u00f6tinu og mj\u00f3lkinni, sem b\u00fastofninn gaf af s\u00e9r.\u00a0\u00dar ull og skinnum ger\u00f0u \u00feeir s\u00e9r kl\u00e6\u00f0i, va\u00f0sekki og tj\u00f6ld.<\/p>\n Er n\u00e6r dr\u00f3 upphafi aldatals okkar f\u00f3r bygg\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e9ttast og \u00fe\u00e1 er ekki \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 kindamenn hafi \u00e1tt heima \u00ed \u00feorpum e\u00f0a \u00ed n\u00e1munda vi\u00f0 \u00feau. \u00deeir m\u00e1ttu l\u00e1ta sau\u00f0f\u00e9na\u00f0inn ganga \u00ed h\u00f6gunum \u00fear \u00ed kring og tr\u00falega hafa jar\u00f0eigendur r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 til \u00feess a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0a vi\u00f0 uppskeruna. \u00deegar sney\u00f0ast t\u00f3k um beit n\u00e6st fj\u00f6lb\u00fdlinu f\u00f3ru fj\u00e1rg\u00e6slumenn me\u00f0 hjar\u00f0ir s\u00ednar \u00ed sumarhaga \u00e1 almenningum upp til hei\u00f0a e\u00f0a \u00ed skj\u00f3ls\u00e6la dali \u00e1 veturna.<\/p>\n L\u00edf fj\u00e1rhir\u00f0a var enginn dans \u00e1 r\u00f3sum.\u00a0 \u00deeir s\u00e1tu l\u00f6ngum og l\u00f6ngum yfir \u00e1num \u00ed \u00f6llum ve\u00f0rum.\u00a0\u00deeir fengu s\u00e9r h\u00e6nublund \u00fear sem \u00feeir voru komnir, aldrei samt \u00f3hr\u00e6ddir um f\u00e9\u00f0 fyrir stigam\u00f6nnum og villid\u00fdrum.\u00a0Verkf\u00e6ri \u00feeirra og vopn voru smalaprik, broddstafur og sl\u00f6ngva.\u00a0 \u00c1 kv\u00f6ldin var f\u00e9nu smala\u00f0 saman og \u00fea\u00f0 loka\u00f0 inni \u00ed sau\u00f0abyrgi.\u00a0 \u00deau voru hla\u00f0in \u00far grj\u00f3ti e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 b\u00e1sar fr\u00e1 n\u00e1tt\u00farunnar hendi, stundum hellar.<\/p>\n Hir\u00f0arnir notu\u00f0u stafi s\u00edna til \u00feess a\u00f0 telja h\u00f6fu\u00f0in um lei\u00f0 og f\u00e9\u00f0 var byrgt inni um dagsetur og svo aftur \u00feegar l\u00e1ti\u00f0 var \u00fat og reki\u00f0 \u00e1 beit a\u00f0 morgni.\u00a0 H\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 lesa frekar um fj\u00e1rhir\u00f0a \u00ed or\u00f0takasafni<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u00deegar \u00cdsraelsmenn voru leiddir \u00fat \u00far \u00fer\u00e6lah\u00fasi Egypta og settust a\u00f0 \u00ed Kannanslandi h\u00f3fu \u00feeir a\u00f0 yrkja j\u00f6r\u00f0ina.\u00a0 Einkum s\u00e1\u00f0u \u00feeir hveiti- og byggfr\u00e6jum og b\u00f6ku\u00f0u \u00far uppskerunni brau\u00f0.\u00a0 Korn, en auk \u00feess gulertur og linsubaunir, haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 r\u00e6kta\u00f0 \u00ed Palest\u00ednu fr\u00e1 \u00f3munat\u00ed\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00cdsraelsmenn voru ekki h\u00e1\u00f0ir \u00e1veitum eins og b\u00e6ndur \u00ed Egyptalandi og Mes\u00f3p\u00f3tam\u00edu.\u00a0 \u00de\u00f3tt fremur \u00feurrkasamt v\u00e6ri \u00ed landi \u00feeirra og jar\u00f0vegurinn nokku\u00f0 gr\u00fdttur, \u00fe\u00e1 kunnu \u00feeir a\u00f0 brj\u00f3ta land me\u00f0 pl\u00f3g og bera \u00e1, svo a\u00f0 afraksturinn var oftast me\u00f0 \u00e1g\u00e6tum.\u00a0\u00a0\u00deeir r\u00e6ktu\u00f0u gr\u00f3\u00f0urinn eftir \u00e1rst\u00ed\u00f0unum og l\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00e1 ve\u00f0urfari\u00f0.\u00a0 Reynslan kenndi \u00feeim a\u00f0 velja \u00fe\u00e6r pl\u00f6ntur, sem best hentu\u00f0u akrinum, hvort heldur var frj\u00f3samt sl\u00e9ttlendi, hrj\u00f3strugar brekkur e\u00f0a har\u00f0bali.\u00a0 \u00deegar t\u00edmar li\u00f0u heyju\u00f0u \u00feeir s\u00e9r kunn\u00e1ttu til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00e6kta \u00e1vexti eins og mel\u00f3nur, f\u00edkjur, d\u00f6\u00f0lur, v\u00ednber og \u00f3l\u00edfur.<\/p>\n Jar\u00f0yrkjan skipti miklu um efnahag landsmanna og setti svip sinn \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0l\u00edfi\u00f0.\u00a0 \u00deannig voru tr\u00faarh\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00cdsraelsmanna, eins og til a\u00f0 mynda uppskeruh\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0in og laufsk\u00e1lah\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0in, mi\u00f0a\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 ums\u00fdslu b\u00e6nda.\u00a0 \u00c1 uppskeruh\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0inni, sem l\u00edka var k\u00f6llu\u00f0 viknah\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0in, var haldi\u00f0 upp \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 korni\u00f0 var komi\u00f0 \u00ed hl\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 vori (2M\u00f3s 23:16; 34:22;\u00a0 3M\u00f3s 23:15-22; 4M\u00f3s 28:26-31; 5M\u00f3s16:9).\u00a0 \u00c1 laufsk\u00e1lah\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0inni er \u00feakka\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1vaxta-uppskeruna;\u00a0 h\u00fan er og h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0 frumgr\u00f3\u00f0ans og \u00feess sem s\u00e1\u00f0 var \u00ed akurinn, haldin a\u00f0 hausti til (2M\u00f3s 23:16; 34:22; 3M\u00f3s 23:33-43; 4M\u00f3s 29:12-39; 5M\u00f3s. 16:13-17; Esk 45:25).<\/p>\n \u00cdsraelsmenn h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e1 afar merkilegu venju a\u00f0 lofa landinu a\u00f0 hv\u00edlast og liggja \u00f3nota\u00f0 sj\u00f6unda hvert \u00e1r, svokalla\u00f0 hv\u00edldar\u00e1r.\u00a0 Si\u00f0urinn kom heim vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 heilsusamlegu h\u00e1ttsemi a\u00f0 vinna sex daga vikunnar, en hv\u00edlast hinn sj\u00f6unda dag, hv\u00edldardaginn (2M\u00f3s 23:10-12).\u00a0\u00deessi tilh\u00f6gun var \u00ed besta m\u00e1ta nytsamleg, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00fan j\u00f3k st\u00f3rum frj\u00f3semi landsins.<\/p>\n \u00de\u00e1 munu \u00feeir og hafa s\u00e1\u00f0 mismunandi s\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed akra s\u00edna til skiptis og bata\u00f0 enn me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed jar\u00f0veginn (Jes 28:23-29).\u00a0 Umhyggjan, sem \u00feeir b\u00e1ru fyrir jar\u00f0argr\u00f3\u00f0anum og landinu og birtist \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed hversu \u00feeir umgengust \u00feetta me\u00f0 allri g\u00e1t, var \u00ed g\u00f3\u00f0u samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r fyrir\u00e6tlanir til heilla, sem Gu\u00f0 haf\u00f0i \u00ed hyggju me\u00f0 \u00edsraelsku \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina og sk\u00f6punina alla.\u00a0Fimmta M\u00f3seb\u00f3k (Deuteronomium) gengur hins vegar ekki a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed gruflandi a\u00f0 r\u00edkuleg uppskera s\u00e9 komin undir hl\u00fd\u00f0ni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar vi\u00f0 skipanir Drottins og birtir \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0horf sterka, tr\u00faarlega afst\u00f6\u00f0u (5M\u00f3s 11:10-17).<\/p>\n F\u00edlistar og fleiri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir r\u00e9\u00f0u strandbygg\u00f0um landsins, svo a\u00f0 \u00cdsraelsmenn stundu\u00f0u sj\u00e1var\u00fatveg l\u00edti\u00f0 sem ekki.\u00a0 S\u00e1 fiskur, sem \u00e1 anna\u00f0 bor\u00f0 var a\u00f0 hafa, kom \u00far Gal\u00edleuvatni e\u00f0a \u00e1nni J\u00f3rdan.\u00a0Mest var um sm\u00e1br\u00f6ndu af s\u00edlda\u00e6tt, \u00e1\u00feekka sard\u00ednu.\u00a0 \u00cd l\u00f6gm\u00e1li M\u00f3se var banna\u00f0 a\u00f0 leggja s\u00e9r til munns fisk, sem hvorki hef\u00f0i ugga n\u00e9 hreistur (5M\u00f3s 14:9), a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti r\u00e6\u00f0ir ekki um fisktegundir \u00e1 bla\u00f0s\u00ed\u00f0um helgrar b\u00f3kar.\u00a0Fiskifang er varla nefnt \u00e1 nafn \u00ed Gamla testamenti og hafa sumir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn hallast a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi \u00ed \u00feann t\u00ed\u00f0 skipt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arb\u00faskapinn s\u00e1ralitlu m\u00e1li.\u00a0 Ekki er \u00fe\u00f3 \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 vei\u00f0unum hafi vaxi\u00f0 fiskur um hrygg \u00e1 d\u00f6gum Jes\u00fa, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir Jakob og J\u00f3hannes Sebedeussynir eru sag\u00f0ir hafa yfirgefi\u00f0 „f\u00f6\u00f0ur sinn hj\u00e1 daglaunam\u00f6nnunum \u00ed b\u00e1tnum“ \u00feegar Jes\u00fas kalla\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 til fylgdar vi\u00f0 sig (Mark. 1:19-20). \u00a0H\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 lesa frekar um \u00feetta \u00ed or\u00f0takasafni undir Fiskur og fiskvei\u00f0ar<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n \u00deegar \u00cdsraelsmenn t\u00f3ku a\u00f0 setja sig ni\u00f0ur \u00ed borgum og n\u00e1grenni \u00feeirra var\u00f0 starfi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskr\u00fa\u00f0ugra. F\u00f3lk af b\u00e1\u00f0um kynjum \u00fej\u00e1lfa\u00f0ist \u00ed handverki og stunda\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0, oftar en ekki heima hj\u00e1 s\u00e9r.\u00a0 B\u00f6rnin l\u00e6r\u00f0u i\u00f0nirnar af foreldrum s\u00ednum og h\u00f6f\u00f0u seinna a\u00f0 lifibrau\u00f0i.\u00a0V\u00f6lundar voru nytjamenn og \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed miklum metum hj\u00e1 samborgurum s\u00ednum.\u00a0 Eftir daga herlei\u00f0ingar Gy\u00f0inga til Bab\u00fdlon, \u00fear sem \u00feeir, f\u00f3ru starfsystkin \u00ed s\u00f6mu i\u00f0ngreinum a\u00f0 taka sig saman og stofna me\u00f0 s\u00e9r gildi.\u00a0 Sl\u00edkar st\u00fakur voru vi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edmum, sem N\u00fdja testamenti\u00f0 hermir fr\u00e1 (Post. 19:24-27).\u00a0 I\u00f0na\u00f0armennirnir voru h\u00fasasmi\u00f0ir, steinh\u00f6ggvarar, snikkarar, tr\u00e9skur\u00f0armenn, b\u00e1tasmi\u00f0ir, silfursmi\u00f0ir, glerger\u00f0armenn, leirkerasmi\u00f0ir, s\u00fatarar, vefarar<\/a> og \u00fe\u00f3farar, en \u00feeir s\u00ed\u00f0ast nefndu hreinsu\u00f0u og \u00fe\u00e6f\u00f0u gamlan d\u00fak og n\u00fdjan.<\/p>\n Gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin greina fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 Jes\u00fas \u00f3lst upp \u00ed foreldrah\u00fasum, og ekki er \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 hann hafi l\u00e9tt undir me\u00f0 J\u00f3sef, f\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednum, sem var smi\u00f0ur;\u00a0Jes\u00fas er meira a\u00f0 segja sj\u00e1lfur nefndur smi\u00f0ur \u00e1 einum sta\u00f0 (Mark.6:3).\u00a0 P\u00e1ll postuli var a\u00f0 s\u00ednu leyti tjaldger\u00f0arma\u00f0ur (Post. 18:3).\u00a0 K\u00f6kubakstur, eldamennsku og saumaskap stundu\u00f0u flestir heima hj\u00e1 s\u00e9r dagsdaglega, en sumir komu \u00feessari kunn\u00e1ttu \u00ed l\u00f3g me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 stofna d\u00e1l\u00edtil fyrirt\u00e6ki.<\/p>\n \u00d3teljandi voru \u00feeir, b\u00e6\u00f0i frj\u00e1lsir og \u00e1nau\u00f0ugir, sem ekki voru sj\u00e1lfs s\u00edn, heldur unnu hj\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum.\u00a0 \u00dear \u00e1 me\u00f0al f\u00f3lk, sem k\u00f3ngaslekti og broddborgarar, sem \u00a0h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3n \u00e1 hverjum fingri, r\u00e9\u00f0u til s\u00edn. \u00dea\u00f0 voru eldabuskur, stofust\u00falkur, gar\u00f0yrkjumenn, kennarar og barnf\u00f3strur.\u00a0 Trygg og dygg\u00f0ug hj\u00fa \u00fe\u00f3ttu gulls \u00edgildi.\u00a0 Konunglegur framrei\u00f0sluma\u00f0ur, kalla\u00f0ur byrlari, bar h\u00e1tigninni mat og drykk (1M\u00f3s 40:11; Neh 1:11).\u00a0 Svo voru lj\u00f3sm\u00e6\u00f0ur (1M\u00f3s 35:16-18), l\u00e6knar (2Kro 16:12; Mark 5:25-26), f\u00f3strur (oft konur, sem\u00a0 g\u00e1fu b\u00f6rnum h\u00fasb\u00e6nda sinna a\u00f0 bor\u00f0a), v\u00edxlarar (Matt 21:12), eigendur gistih\u00fasa (L\u00fakas 2:7; 10:35) og sk\u00e6kjur (1M\u00f3s 38:14-18;\u00a0 J\u00f3s 2:1).<\/p>\n \u00dear sem or\u00f0i\u00f0 „\u00fej\u00f3nn“ getur \u00fe\u00fdtt b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1nau\u00f0ugur \u00fer\u00e6ll og frj\u00e1ls ma\u00f0ur, sem vinnur fyrir kaupi, er ekki einl\u00e6gt jafnlj\u00f3st hva\u00f0 Bibl\u00edan \u00e1 vi\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega, \u00feegar h\u00fan r\u00e6\u00f0ir um st\u00f6rf \u00fej\u00f3nustuf\u00f3lks.\u00a0 Mansal og \u00fer\u00e6lahald \u00fe\u00f3tti sj\u00e1lfsag\u00f0ur hlutur.\u00a0 Sumir seldu sj\u00e1lfa sig \u00ed \u00e1nau\u00f0 af frj\u00e1lsum vilja, kannski til \u00feess a\u00f0 borga gamla skuld, e\u00f0a af \u00fev\u00ed \u00feeir voru \u00f6reigar og s\u00e1u enga a\u00f0ra lei\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 s\u00e9r farbor\u00f0a.\u00a0 \u00cd Bibl\u00edunni koma oft fyrir \u00fer\u00e6lar, sem teknir hafa veri\u00f0 til fanga \u00ed str\u00ed\u00f0i.\u00a0 Flestir voru l\u00e1tnir \u00fej\u00f3na innan dyra fremur en a\u00f0 erfi\u00f0a vi\u00f0 \u00fativinnu.\u00a0 Bibl\u00edan geymir l\u00edka reglur um \u00fer\u00e6lahald, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al er tilteki\u00f0 hve langan t\u00edma hi\u00f0 mesta manneskja m\u00e1 vera \u00ed \u00e1nau\u00f0 og m\u00e6lt fyrir um mildilega me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fer\u00e6lum (2M\u00f3s 21:2-6; 3M\u00f3s 25:10,38-41).\u00a0\u00a0 \u00cd 5M\u00f3s 23:15-16 er meira a\u00f0 segja leitt \u00ed l\u00f6g, a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6l, sem fl\u00fai\u00f0 hefur fr\u00e1 einum h\u00fasb\u00f3nda til annars, skuli ekki senda heim aftur og alls ekki beita ofr\u00edki.\u00a0 Um \u00feetta m\u00e1 fr\u00e6\u00f0ast n\u00e1nar \u00ed greinarkorninu \u00der\u00e6lar og \u00fej\u00f3nustuf\u00f3lk \u00e1 d\u00f6gum Jes\u00fa<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n \u00d3m\u00e6lt f\u00e9 og fyrirh\u00f6fn f\u00f3r \u00ed a\u00f0 verja r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir og konungd\u00e6mi falli.\u00a0H\u00e6st \u00ed tignarstiganum tr\u00f3nu\u00f0u keisarar, k\u00f3ngar og drottningar, r\u00edkiserindrekar og sendiherrar, \u00f6ldungar\u00e1\u00f0smenn og landstj\u00f3rar (Post. 13:7). \u00a0\u00cd salkynnum konungshallanna \u00fa\u00f0i og gr\u00fa\u00f0i af fulltr\u00faum, r\u00e1\u00f0gj\u00f6fum, t\u00falkum (1M\u00f3s 42:23), sendim\u00f6nnum og bo\u00f0berum (4M\u00f3s 20:14; 1Kon 20:5; 2Kro 32:31).\u00a0 Til \u00feess a\u00f0 halda l\u00f6ndum, r\u00edki og f\u00e9 \u00feurftu h\u00f6f\u00f0ingjarnir hermanna vi\u00f0, li\u00f0sforingja (Matt 8:9; Post 21:32), f\u00f3tg\u00f6nguli\u00f0a og skjaldsveina (D\u00f3m 9:54; 1Sam 14:6).\u00a0 Vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarst\u00f6rfin\u00a0 \u00feurfti tollheimtumenn (L\u00fakas 9:1-2), kallara, r\u00edkisritara (2Sam 8:16,17) og l\u00f6gvitringa (Post 24:1;\u00a0 T\u00edt 3:13). Sumir fyrirmenn r\u00e9\u00f0u jafnvel til s\u00edn hlj\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e6raleikara (1Sam 16:14-23) og \u00fe\u00e1gu hollr\u00e1\u00f0 hj\u00e1 mi\u00f0lum og sp\u00e1sagnam\u00f6nnum gegn grei\u00f0slu (Jes 19:3).<\/p>\n R\u00f3mverjar s\u00e1tu a\u00f0 r\u00edki \u00ed Palest\u00ednu \u00e1 \u00feeirri t\u00ed\u00f0, sem gu\u00f0spj\u00f6llin greina fr\u00e1.\u00a0\u00deeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u landsh\u00f6f\u00f0ingja e\u00f0a landstj\u00f3ra til \u00feess a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 svo um, a\u00f0 \u00feegnarnir gyldu skatta og skyldur og ekki brytist \u00fat \u00f3fri\u00f0ur \u00ed landinu (Matt 27:2; Post. 24:1).\u00a0 \u00deeir leyf\u00f0u \u00fe\u00f3 Gy\u00f0ingum sj\u00e1lfum a\u00f0 sinna \u00e1kve\u00f0num m\u00e1lefnum, einkum \u00feeim er lutu a\u00f0 musterinu og helgihaldinu (Post 22:5).<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong>Lengi var musteri\u00f0 \u00ed Jer\u00fasalem h\u00f6fu\u00f0v\u00edgi helgihalds \u00ed \u00cdsrael.\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 \u00feurfti \u00f3l\u00edtinn manns\u00f6fnu\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 svo um, a\u00f0 hvergi v\u00e6ri blettur e\u00f0a hrukka \u00e1 vi\u00f0urhlutamiklum tr\u00faarath\u00f6fnunum.\u00a0 Svo var rita\u00f0 \u00ed M\u00f3sel\u00f6gum, a\u00f0 karlar af Lev\u00ed-\u00e6ttkv\u00edsl skyldu inna af hendi prests\u00fej\u00f3nustu vi\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina alla.\u00a0 \u00dear e\u00f0 Lev\u00edtum haf\u00f0i \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma ekki veri\u00f0 \u00fathluta\u00f0 neinu landr\u00fdmi, var m\u00e6lt svo fyrir a\u00f0 \u00feeir skyldu \u00ed sta\u00f0inn hlj\u00f3ta eldf\u00f3rnina \u00ed musterinu (J\u00f3s 13:14).\u00a0 \u00dear var yfir \u00e6\u00f0stipresturinn, en haf\u00f0i um sig h\u00f6fu\u00f0klerka,\u00a0 hli\u00f0ver\u00f0i (1Kro 9:17-32), musteris\u00fej\u00f3na (Esr 2:43-54) og umsj\u00f3narmenn (1Kro 9:17-32).<\/p>\n Flestir grannar \u00cdsraelsmanna bjuggu vi\u00f0 eigin helgid\u00f3ma og gu\u00f0sd\u00fdrkun.\u00a0\u00deeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u eigin presta og \u00feeir aftur s\u00edna me\u00f0hj\u00e1lpara og sums sta\u00f0ar voru meira a\u00f0 segja hofsk\u00e6kjur.\u00a0 S\u00e9rhver si\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i s\u00e6g fagmanna \u00e1 s\u00ednum sn\u00e6rum, h\u00fasameistara, byggingamenn, steinh\u00f6ggvara og gull- og silfursmi\u00f0i, a\u00f0 reisa og skreyta musteri, hof og bl\u00f3th\u00fas (1Kon 5:13-18).<\/p>\n \u00de\u00f3tt \u00cdsraelsmenn b\u00e6\u00f0ust fyrir og syngju Gu\u00f0i lof \u00ed samfundatjaldinu og musterinu, leitu\u00f0u samt margir konungar \u00feeirra r\u00e1\u00f0a hj\u00e1 sp\u00e1sagnam\u00f6nnum og sj\u00e1endum vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, hvernig rata skyldi r\u00e9ttan veg \u00ed daglegu l\u00edfi og Gu\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3knanlegan; \u00feessir sp\u00e1menn v\u00f6ru\u00f0u konungana l\u00edka vi\u00f0 aflei\u00f0ingum illverka (1Kron 21:9; 2Kron 19:1-2).\u00a0\u00a0 A\u00f0rir sp\u00e1menn voru og til, er pr\u00e9diku\u00f0u \u00e1 eigin vegum (1Sam 9:6-21).\u00a0 \u00c1 jar\u00f0vistard\u00f6gum Jes\u00fa b\u00e6ttist \u00f6rt \u00ed h\u00f3p kennara, sem, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur gat, gengu undir n\u00f6fnunum fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn og far\u00edsear, og \u00fe\u00e1gu peninga fyrir fr\u00e6\u00f0slu s\u00edna.<\/p>\n \u00deeir, sem enga h\u00f6f\u00f0u s\u00e9rkunn\u00e1ttuna voru upp til h\u00f3pa bl\u00e1f\u00e1t\u00e6kir og ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 ganga a\u00f0\u00a0 p\u00falst\u00f6rfum eins og a\u00f0 strita \u00ed n\u00e1mum, h\u00f6ggva grj\u00f3t, grafa brunna, leggja vegi, s\u00f3pa g\u00f6tur, temja og dr\u00edfa \u00falfalda, hla\u00f0a og afferma flutningavagna, r\u00f3a og st\u00fdra b\u00e1tum og\u00a0\u00fer\u00e6la \u00fati \u00e1 \u00f6krunum.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 voru hlj\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e6raleikarar, dansarar og jafnvel harmf\u00f3lk, sem haf\u00f0i s\u00e9r til vi\u00f0urv\u00e6ris a\u00f0 gr\u00e1ta vi\u00f0 \u00fatfarir.\u00a0 Sumt af \u00fev\u00ed f\u00e9kk greitt fyrir a\u00f0 berast l\u00edtt af \u00ed l\u00edkfylgdinni (Jer 9:17; Matt 9:23); a\u00f0rir spilu\u00f0u sorgarl\u00f6g \u00e1 hlj\u00f3\u00f0p\u00edpu, b\u00f6r\u00f0u s\u00e9r \u00e1 brj\u00f3st og f\u00e6r\u00f0u sig \u00ed t\u00f6tra, sem kalla\u00f0ir voru h\u00e6rusekkir (Gen 37:34).\u00a0 Kaupmenn og farandsalar f\u00f3ru me\u00f0 varning sinn \u00far einum sta\u00f0 \u00ed annan og falbu\u00f0u \u00e1 marka\u00f0storgum.\u00a0 Hinir r\u00edku \u00ed \u00feeirra h\u00f3pi \u00e1ttu skip e\u00f0a merg\u00f0 \u00falfalda og g\u00e1tu flutt v\u00f6runa langar lei\u00f0ir.<\/p>\n V\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed Bibl\u00edunni er svo a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 f\u00f3lki hafi veri\u00f0 borga\u00f0 kaup fyrir vinnu s\u00edna (1M\u00f3s 29:15; M\u00edk 3:11; Matt. 20:1-15; L\u00fakas 3:14),\u00a0 en hitt er \u00f3lj\u00f3st hver launakj\u00f6rin voru.\u00a0\u00a0 Lei\u00f0a m\u00e1 getum a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 greitt hafi veri\u00f0 \u00ed fr\u00ed\u00f0u, \u00fe.e.a.s. me\u00f0 mat e\u00f0a einhverju g\u00f3ssi.\u00a0 \u00c1 d\u00f6gum konunganna fengu sumir borga\u00f0 \u00ed silfur- og gullst\u00f6ngum.\u00a0 Er t\u00edmar li\u00f0u fram f\u00f3ru Persar a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 mynt (kringum 600 f. Kr.) og var h\u00fan stundum notu\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 gjalda verkam\u00f6nnum. \u00c1 t\u00edmum Jes\u00fa var or\u00f0i\u00f0 alsi\u00f0a a\u00f0 nota peninga til \u00feess a\u00f0 borga me\u00f0 fyrir v\u00f6rur og \u00fej\u00f3nustu.\u00a0 \u00cd Matteusargu\u00f0spjalli, 20. kap\u00edtulanum, versunum 1 til 16 segir Jes\u00fas d\u00e6mis\u00f6gu af verkam\u00f6nnum \u00ed v\u00edngar\u00f0i, sem unnu s\u00e9r inn einn denar um daginn.\u00a0 Ekki er vita\u00f0 me\u00f0 vissu um ver\u00f0gildi \u00feeirrar \u00a0mynteiningar og \u00fev\u00ed er \u00f3lj\u00f3st hversu h\u00e1tt kaup e\u00f0a l\u00e1gt \u00feetta hefur veri\u00f0 mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 verkamannalaun n\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Yfirr\u00e1\u00f0 R\u00f3mverja \u00ed Palest\u00ednu<\/h3>\n
H\u00e1ir og l\u00e1gir \u00ed r\u00f3mverska heimsveldinu<\/h3>\n
S\u00e9rtr\u00faarh\u00f3par \u00ed Palest\u00ednu<\/h3>\n
Hvernig bjarga\u00f0ist f\u00f3lk \u00e1 d\u00f6gum Jes\u00fa?<\/h3>\n
Lifa\u00f0 af landsins g\u00e6\u00f0um<\/h3>\n
Kvikfj\u00e1rr\u00e6kt og akuryrkja<\/h4>\n
Fiskvei\u00f0ar<\/h4>\n
S\u00e9r\u00feekking og handi\u00f0nir<\/h4>\n
\u00dej\u00f3nustuf\u00f3lk og \u00fer\u00e6lar<\/h4>\n
Hermennska og stj\u00f3rnarst\u00f6rf<\/h4>\n
S\u00e9rlegir gu\u00f0smenn<\/h4>\n
\u00d6nnur st\u00f6rf<\/h4>\n
Kaup og kj\u00f6r<\/h4>\n